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Notes

Sunday 20 February 2022 - Saturday 26 February 2022

[Notebook: DB 88 Salvation]

[page 1]

Sunday 20 February 2022

Snippets for salvation: Evolution is the formation of capital, that is productive structure.

Classical energy: the ability to do work. Quantum energy, frequency, that is rate of change of phase, which is determined in the primordial situation, and all situations, by the intervals between actions ranging from less than a picosecond to more that gigayears.

Quantum mechanics is social and every encounter is unique (a consequence of the no-cloning theorem?). Gravitation is the opposite, general covariance makes all encounters the same.

. . .

The defining characteristics of divinity are simplicity, omniscience and omnipotence. Omniscience is the ability to conceive all formal structures and omnipotence is the ability to bring the consistent subset of these formal structures into being. We have two representations of simplicity, both consequences of the fact that an unmodulated continuum carries no information. In gravitation, this is called general covariance. The gravitational field is a creation of energy through which it controls itself by simple codeless communication. In quantum mechanics simplicity is represented by the unitary transformations controlled by the Schrödinger energy equation that carries quantum systems through time. Both these symmetries are characteristic of the initial singularity. Quantum theory is the source of omniscience, that allows the infinite superposition of vectors in Hilbert space. Omnipotence is the procedure that used the eigenvectors of energy operators to superpose in Hilbert space to produce real particles in Minkowski space.

Simplify this by picking out a summary to go on the home page of C[ognitive] C[osmology]

[page 2]

Monday 21 February 2022

A little more grief on the stock market offset by progress on editing cognitive cosmology as a website with a page for each section of the essay. Going well, adjusting a few old forms of words to make them more consistent with the most recent picture. The impossible dream is becoming possible. Lonergan used epistemology to prove that god is not the world. He was exactly wrong (which is the closest one can come to the truth without actually seeing it), so he has helped me to concoct the [epistemological] story (called cognitive cosmology) that proves that the universe is divine. Bernard Lonergan (1992): Insight: A Study of Human Understanding

Tuesday 22 February 2022
Wednesday 23 February 2022

A 5k rise in the share portfolio is heartening. The money I make on the market has two purposes: to buy some real estate and to pay a competent person to shape cognitive cosmology into a submissable PhD thesis. The core point is the independence of Hilbert space upon which the real events are built, and we introduce a form of two factor authentication, [like] Aristotle's hylopmorphism which envisages real events being manufactured by the interaction of very close quntum states that act like Feynman's path integral in which the particle arises from the eigenfunction which changes probability (by the Born Rule) without changing the orientation of the compex planes representing two states. The continual change of the orthonormal phase of the state ray establishes the possibility of complex amplitudes meeting to give a probability P = | φ | 2.

I like Sakharov's definition of gravitation, but the real root of it is general covariance which means code free communication = continuity = nothing, as we see in Noether's theorem which describes symmetry (ie nothing) by continuous transformations. Read Neuenschwander again before I go on and argue the nothingness of the Gaussian continuum and the reason for 3D space an the inclusion of velocity and therefore 4-space so as to establish the time evolution of processes, the energy equation which depends on a unitary codec, a continuous process through time of an unobserved quantum state, and it is here that general covariance comes in because contact

[page 3]

establishes the sharing of boundaries [Aristotle's definition of continuity], a geometrical description of communication and an example of logical communication. The two parts of a zero-sum bifurcation share boundaries but have different interiors, source personalities. Andrei Sakharov: Particle physics and cosmology, Dwight Neuenschwander (2011): Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem, Aristotle (continuity): Physics, V, iii (227a10 sqq)

Gravitation is the heart of this article. Why? I am not sure, but it is the problem currently facing physics and my most recent dream (which has been developing for a while) is to use the dichotomy between Hilbert and Minkowski space to explain the relationship between quantum mechanics and gravitation.

1. General covariance = codeless (information free entanglement) communication. (real information is a physical fixed point).

2. unmodulated continuum carries no information: unitary transform (?).

3. Gaussian coordinates have no metric but dimensions, 4, uniting time and space in the same algorithm : x = ct.

4. Dimensions explained by fermions and no crossed wires.

5. gravitation is in effect nothing.

6. potential and kinetic energy, created as banks create money, by selling debt.

7. Lagrangian dynamics and the Lagrangian of gravitation. Quantum lagrangians always integrate to nh. Gravitational lagrangians have stationarity but no measure.

8. Details of the universe are created by quantum mechanics, feeding the gravitational field with energy (by the banker's ruse, 7 above).

9. gravitation introduces direction into free fall and geodesic deviation.

10. All this is just guessing but provides a simple and logical explanation of the roles of gravitation and quantum mechanics arising

[page 4]

within the initial singularity.

Time in Minkowski space is complex, off the real axis. This explains why it is in constant motion at the velocity of light. Time is in a way stopped in potential, the energy of photons chasing their tails inside an electron for instance [as they probably do inside the initial singularity]. The photons contributing charge and magnetism, but how do we get to spin? In spin 1 and spin ½ are the two fundamental digital frequencies from which the universe is built?

Bosons and fermions appear in primordial quantum mechanics by a frequency ratio of 1:2. In each case an operation needs a quantum of action, but it takes a fermion two steps to do it twice the frequency of the ur-boson whose size, and that of all other particles determing the fixed quantum of action arising from the time integration of the ur-lagrangian where the subtraction of kinetic from potential integrated for a unit of time yields a quantum of action, Planck's constant. It is the witching hour and I will have a beer. We don't know what an electromagnetic field is but we do know how it behaves.

Thursday 24 February 2022

Gravitation: the simplest way to put it is gravitation is nothing and quantum mechanics is something. our starting point for his assertion is the mathematical theory of communication explained in page 11 [of cognitivecosmology.com]. An error free message requires quantization. A null message, on the other hand, which tells us nothing can be transmitted by a continuum modified only by a beginning and an end, or perhaps only a beginning. This attempt at explanation is awkward.

So lets take a look at E08_gravitation June 2008: 'On the (non) quantization of gravitation.' Jeffrey Nicholls (2008): On the (non-) quantization of gravitation

From a mathematical point of view two wave trains can only be clearly distinguished if they are observed long enough to see them differ by one full cycle [of phase] that is one quantum of action. Since the vectors in the primordial Hilbert space are distinguished by their energy or frequency, we suspect that there can only be 0 discrete rays in a consistent Hilbert space given that the maximum frequency is 0.

[page 5]

First we distinguish the 0 possible orthogonal wave trains by frequency but later we can put these trains into one-to-one correspondence with [the 0] Turing machines and consider that each cycle in the train, that is each quantum of action, can correspond to a logical operation so that long wave train is a sring of sequential logical operations which is equivalent to a Turing machine and there are 0 such trains, the first just one cycle long corresponding to one quantum of action which, at its simplest, is the operator "not".

Energy and time are only half formed in Hilbert space and become real in the interaction of quantum states. Energy and time are both represented by phase.

Einstein's field equations are the only way to fulfill the general principle of relativity given 4D continuous space with a local Minkowski structure. Why is this so? Can we work it out by the relationship of Hilbert space to Minkowski space?

What are the boundaries of the initial singularity [and how can a boundary mean anything on the only existing entity]? It is logically closed [a group] insofar as no contradiction can exist in the Hilbert world although they can in the Minkowski world because communication is slow. Can we use closure to induce curvature? Curve-shortening flow - Wikipedia

The other thing we want is potential and zero energy and also massive particles.

Somehow we need to use the null geodesic idea to bifurcate energy and create massive particles. Since all fermions are massive there may be a clue here.

We can attribute no size to the initial singularity since we have no metric and no standard, just a logical function. Nevertheless we can place logical constraints on Hilbert space demanding the absence of contradiction [achieved by making all states orthogonal] This provides us with the species of closure which can be modelled with a Lie group since no group operation can lead us outside the group so no group operation can lead us to a contradiction which is consistent with the fact that all the polynomials in the Hilbert space can be factorized so that there are no dead ends. Sydney University: Orthogonal Polynomials

Once we have worked out the primordial structure of the universe in terms of quantum mechanics and gravitation we can

[page 6]

then set this little model loose to grow into the current universe. All it needs is a source of material [action] and a source of creative inspiration [uncontrolled trials].

The fixed point in a quantum of action is a quantum of action.

Gravitation works on the Hilbert space system seeing it as pure energy not dispersed into individual orthogonal vectors.

The process that creates spacetime also creates particles with momentum [massless and massive?].

The processes executed by quanta are invisible. We only get visibility when two quantum states interact [and see one another]. We may see a measurement operator as a superposition of its own eigenvectors, ie a quantum state. We then consider the inner product of the measurement vector and the unknown vector in their tensor product a la Zurek. Wojciech Hubert Zurek (2008): Quantum origin of quantum jumps: breaking of unitary symmetry induced by information transfer and the transition from quantum to classical

Say again: Einstein took care of general covariance because he was convinced that observation does not change reality and he rejected quantum mechanics because its basic statement is that observation creates reality.

A massive particle is a quantity of energy trapped in a null geodesic [the natural habitat of the photon], one might say capitalized energy which creates an equal quantity of kinetic energy by the zero sum bifurcation.

The inside of a particle is a Lie group analogous to gravitation but the continuity is logical continuity which has all the power of point set continuity and some, since it actually proves theorems.

Inside = personality = neural network.

Synapses manage their own weights to keep the network stable by communicating through their cells. Presumably we have conservation of weights something like conservation of energy.

This is lovely stuff, but is it getting us anywhere? Trial and error is the only way, particularly when one is completely out of sight of land.

[page 7]

The search for the union of physics and theology has left me completely at sea.

But it is fun, wild fun, all alone on a wide wide sea.

But with a tinge of helplessness.

But this is exactly what one would expect in a bottom up world which is a bit like sitting on as volcano wondering what will come up next.

I allow myself to be a bit poetical but I am really in war zone, the culture was between the past and the future. We can see how many species have fallen aside in the struggle to cop with the future I am in this at the global level, nuclear physics and global theologies. And I mean to win by creativity because creation saves because creating the future saves us from the past. The real problem is rigid bossy people who have a life and death vested interest in the past be it coal or entitlement. Thompson, Angus & Dootson: Fake viral footage is spreading alongside the real horror in Ukraine. Here are 5 ways to spot it

Oligarchs are inevitably scared of their own people [and rely heavily for their security on a "palace guard"] because they owe their oligarchy to climbing over others who do not want to be climbed on.

This goes into hope and the self destructive nature of excessive power [associated with the entropy of one person].

Friday 25 February 2022

My theological goal is to describe a divine universe, which means that theology and physics, both disciplines seeking a theory of everything in their own domains, must become mutually consistent. My program, initially motivated by Lonergan's Insight, is to work in the domain of logic and computation both of which have the same unique constraint: try anything that does not involve a fatal contradiction, defined as a set of circumstances in which deterministic processes lead to the proposition p = not-p. By examining the simple primordial system in which we believe that the universe emerged, I hope to get a clear vision of how this logical constraint implemented in Hilbert space plays out in physics and theology by showing a path past the problems currently blocking both

disciplines. The problems of interest to me in physics are the cosmological constant problem and our current inability to quantize gravitation. My first step in he physical problems outlined above is to deal with the cosmological constant problem by limiting the cardinal of [the primordial] Hilbert space to 0. I will expand on this in the page on transfinity.

The theological problem is not so much scientific as institutional and is in effect a manifestation of the culture war between the past and the future. Past theologians have convinced themselves for political reasons that they have infallible access to absolute eternal truth, and have used military power under the guise of soft power to enforce their view. Their claims have been shown by critics including mathematicians to be self-contradictory. My answer is to identify god and the universe so as to open theology to the scientific method whose basic method of selection is to reject those models whole predictions contradict observation.

This goes into the introduction to gravitation. The solution to the quantum field theory problem is that the vectors and operators of quantum mechanics form a ring which is isomorphic to the field of integers without division so we claim that this structure, [is] implemented in abstract complex Hilbert space. This is the first step in the removal of infinities from quantum field theories, replacing the point set version of the continuum which is built on the contradictory foundation of isolated points and continuity.

The countably infinite dimensional Hilbert space implements a foundational model of reality in the integral, that is quantum, domain and rejects the idea of division which is at the foundation of the real numbers. This suggests that the world is constrained by Diophantine arithmetic, but Chaitin had shown that this is not a constraint as soon as we admit logical operators into the foundations of mathematics as proposed by Whitehead and Russell and other authors, particularly Cantor whose invention of set theory provides us with a clear concrete methodology for dealing with the interface between the quantum world and infinity simply by putting the infinities in boxes, and showed that the existence of these boxes enables the existence of bigger boxes subject to the constraint that there is no biggest box. Th system is in effect open to a more complex future, increasing entropy, the enemy of the powerful. The Oligarchs all say that

[page 9]

they love their people but if it is love at all it is an emotion inspired by fear of backlash from people they exploit snd despise. Gregory Chaitin (1987): Algorithmic Information Theory

Halfway through this job, starting year 3 of a 4 year home made PhD. At the end of four years, after winning a self awarded degree giving me entitlement to teach, I will begin to promote my product in the market [began to think about this in the last century, but I was absurdly premature].

Feynman was a practical man who made radios and nuclear weapons. He was radical yet constrained by the physics community and the military imperative confronting the US and the world. This is a narrow view of the zero sum interpretation of the game of life as it is played out between nations where there are no absolute rules and omnipotent referees. But he had a much bigger wider vision in the computational possibilities of quantum mechanics.

Transcribe Turing Universe [DB 24, 20 October 1984 - 23 July 1985)] I skim physics and theology looking for the big picture and I find it in mathematics. Mathematics - Wikipedia

I go down with the market for moral reasons, nut running away by reducing my investment but seeking to benefit from the situation by rearranging my portfolio.

We begin out analogy between physics and theology by accepting inertial motion (free fall) as the physical representation of freedom.

The head remaineth empty. No fixed idea. What do I wish for? I do not know. What have I got? The perfect life, like a cat but no soulmate except the divine world. My god envelops me. I am always trying to understand its beauty and intelligence. I want a physically intuitive picture which covers all the fundamental features of a universe emerging within an initial singularity.

None of this would make any sense without my scientific and religious background. I am making a change of allegiance, dropping the old god and picking up a new one, the creator of my soul, the universe. God ≡ Universe, QED (a tautology, per se nota) and if we get the definition of god right: Creator, sustainer and judge, Father, Spirit and Son. [The Son . . .will come again in glory, to judge the living and the dead; and his kingdom will have no end [Et íterum ventúrus est cum glória, iudicáre vivos et mórtuos, cuius regni non erit finis]. English versions of the Nicene Creed - Wikipedia

Now I am happy working and feeling that I am doing a good job (writing this is the job) because this is the best way to get the job done. And it is a job: ultimately the creation of a thesis introducing theology to the divinity of the world.

[page 10]

Our creation story has to be a plausible yarn like the one in Genesis which is the perfect Deus ex Machina, a creator who creates a universe in six days. A rush job compared to what we know now: the task took billions of years of exquisite physics and chemistry to get the universe to its present state. The pen just runs. I am enjoying the way these words flow. Deus ex machina - Wikipedia

Saturday 26 February 2022

We need to reconcile two addressing systems, one that provides spacetime coordinates [relative to some origin] and the other derived from the network that gives a unique address to every file or source in the system. The interface between these addressing systems is a transform that associates a physical address with every logical address and vice versa.

Derived from a potential = energy is conserved. Potential - Wikipedia

Thank goodness Cognitive Cosmology has stabilized so now I can henpeck around doing bits and pieces here and there, slowly bringing it to the desired conclusion.

We associate gravitation with a field and we associate fields with particles, insofar as fields provide out explanation for the behaviour of the particles. The initial singularity is a particle and so it will have a field. The difference here is that we assume that at a certain point the initial singularity is, by definition, all that there is so that any field that there is must be inside the initial singularity and created by the initial singularity. We have defined a route whereby the singularity being a quantum of action an unmoved mover has created a Hilbert space whose base states and actions are created by the primordial action. Jeffrey Nicholls (2022): Cognitive Cosmology page 9: The active creation of Hilbert space

Now we can ask: is the gravitational field an immediate description of the behaviour of the "vacuum" or is there a stage in between? I have opted for the in between state, the creation of Minkowski space and guess the fact that as it is inside a system, there is no way a particle in inertial motion can continue in a straight line forever, given the primitive state of the world, suggesting that curvature of Minkowski space is the essence of gravitation. The general theory thus outlines how we are to curve the Minkowski space by adding new components to its metric, taking it from 4 in that space to 10 in Einstein space. Once [the Einstein transformation was] discovered, we have an application of the P / NP problem. Gravitation was incomputable until Einstein found the algorithm. Still very complex, like the Riemann tensor,

[page 11]

but as far as we can see logically complete and in effect as reversible constant entropy codec [whose complete operation, forward and reverse, is to do nothing]. So we say that gravitation does not work on Hilbert space but on the layer of particles created in Minkowski space where we and all our instruments live. All this leads us to the point that gravitation is an ideal classical theory all of whose particles interact with one another along geodesics in Minkowski space. So we seek an answer to its structure in the extremalization of action derived from some function of energy. Riemann curvature tensor - Wikipedia

Since gravitation interacts with itself it is non-linear and capable of rendering many exciting effects like black homes and supernovae. The theory as represented by Einstein has passed all the available tests and has entered into everyday use in timing signals in GPS systems.

Gravitation fits into 4-space, a break in the symmetry of Minkowski space brought on by the bifurcation of energy into potential and kinetic. Maybe this means that gravitation is a layer build on Minkowski space which owes its structure to the velocity of light (or should we say the velocity of time [ / dt, τ = proper time, t = observed time]. Here we differentiate from quantum mechanics where everything is contact and entanglement to classical mechanics where it is possible to transmit information other than tautologies and the maximum rate of propagation of is a function of time as it couples to the spatial dimension via the parameter c

Meandering closer to what I want to say. The gravitational field is a fixed point in a logically connected interaction of all particles moving inertially in space where there is a gravitational field made obvious by tidal forces or geodesic deviation.

So the 64$ question: how does gravitation fit God? God is love, and love requires communication and gravitation is a constraint that we will ultimately see imposed on a transfinite communication network bound by the complexity of the hardware available, potential and kinetic energy. So this is the bifurcation that creates gravitation and unlimited potential and kinetic energy because they add up to zero a very effective zero-sum bifurcation.

Explain the lagrangian of gravitation to myself. Weinstein & Rickles: Quantum gravity

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Further reading

Books

Chaitin (1987), Gregory J, Algorithmic Information Theory, Cambridge UP 1987 Foreword: 'The crucial fact here is that there exist symbolic objects (i.e., texts) which are "algorithmically inexplicable", i.e., cannot be specified by any text shorter than themselves. Since texts of this sort have the properties associated with random sequences of classical probability theory, the theory of describability developed . . . in the present work yields a very interesting new view of the notion of randomness.' J T Schwartz 
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Lonergan (1992), Bernard J F, Insight: A Study of Human Understanding (Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan : Volume 3), University of Toronto Press 1992 '. . . Bernard Lonergan's masterwork. Its aim is nothing less than insight into insight itself, an understanding of understanding' 
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Neuenschwander (2011), Dwight E, Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem, Johns Hopkins University Press 2011 Jacket: A beautiful piece of mathematics, Noether's theorem touches on every aspect of physics. Emmy Noether proved her theorem in 1915 and published it in 1918. This profound concept demonstrates the connection between conservation laws and symmetries. For instance, the theorem shows that a system invariant under translations of time, space or rotation will obey the laws of conservation of energy, linear momentum or angular momentum respectively. This exciting result offers a rich unifying principle for all of physics.' 
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Links

Andrei Sakharov, Particle physics and cosmology, ' After 1965 Sakharov returned to fundamental science and began working on particle physics and physical cosmology. He tried to explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe; in that regard, he was the first to give a theoretical motivation for proton decay. Proton decay was suggested by Wigner in 1949 and 1952. . . . His legacy in this domain are the famous conditions named after him:[20] Baryon number violation, C-symmetry and CP-symmetry violation, and interactions out of thermal equilibrium.' back

Aristotle (continuity), Physics V, iii, 'A thing that is in succession and touches is 'contiguous'. The 'continuous' is a subdivision of the contiguous: things are called continuous when the touching limits of each become one and the same and are, as the word implies, contained in each other: continuity is impossible if these extremities are two. This definition makes it plain that continuity belongs to things that naturally in virtue of their mutual contact form a unity. And in whatever way that which holds them together is one, so too will the whole be one, e.g. by a rivet or glue or contact or organic union. ' 227a10 sqq back

Budiman Minasny, The dark history of slavery and racism in Indonesia during the Dutch colonial period, ' Slave trading was widely carried out during the Dutch colonial period in Indonesia. Especially in North Sumatra, human trading for plantation workers, known as coolies, was widely practiced around 150 years ago.. . . Even until the end of the 20th century, the Dutch government never acknowledged the violence during colonial times. . . . An article dated May 30th, 1913 in Sumatra Post wrote that around 1867, Nienhuys was indicted of flogging seven Chinese coolies to death. The case was never proven nor disproved, but the Sultan of Deli ordered Nienhuys to leave the land of Deli and never to return. . . . The Wikipedia pages of Nienhuys and Cremer paint them as the founders of a tobacco company and a tobacco magnate and do not list the slavery system that they had created.' back

Curve-shortening flow - Wikipedia, Curve-shortening flow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In mathematics, the curve-shortening flow is a process that modifies a smooth curve in the Euclidean plane by moving its points perpendicularly to the curve at a speed proportional to the curvature. The curve-shortening flow is an example of a geometric flow, and is the one-dimensional case of the mean curvature flow. Other names for the same process include the Euclidean shortening flow, geometric heat flow, and arc length evolution.' back

Deus ex machina - Wikipedia, Deus ex machina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Deus ex machina . . . English "god out of the machine") is a plot device whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly and abruptly resolved by an unexpected and unlikely occurrence. Its function is generally to resolve an otherwise irresolvable plot situation, to surprise the audience, to bring the tale to a happy ending, or act as a comedic device.' back

English versions of the Nicene Creed - Wikipedia, English versions of the Nicene Creed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Nicene Creed, composed in part and adopted at the First Council of Nicaea (325) and revised with additions by the First Council of Constantinople (381), is a creed that summarizes the orthodox faith of the Christian Church and is used in the liturgy of most Christian Churches. This article endeavours to give the text and context of English-language translations.' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (2008), On the (non-) quantization of gravitation, ' Shannon has shown that we can approach error free transmission over a noisy channel by encoding our messages into packets so far apart in message space that the probability of confusion is minimal. . . . This correspondence enables us to interpret quantization as a consequence of the error free communication which (we assume) underlies the stability of universal structure. Conversely, we should not expect to find quantization where error is impossible, that is in a regime where every possible message is a valid message. Since gravitation couples universally to energy alone, and is blind to the particular nature of the particles or fields associated with energy, we can imagine that gravitation involves unconstrained and therefore intrinsically error free and non-quantized interaction.' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (2022), Cognitive Cosmology page 9: The active creation of Hilbert space, ' In its simplest incarnation, we may consider the quantum of action as a not operator. This operator changes some situation p into some not-p. In the binary realm of propositional logic, we understand that not-not-p = p, but in the wider world we can see, for instance, that there are about seven billion instance of not-me. The effect of this definition is to interpret action in terms of logic which may be understood to be purely formal, like Hilbert, Whitehead and Russell's mathematics, needing no spacetime support.. back

Keir Giles, The west has a duty to help defend Ukraine – and to help Russia by ensuring its defeat, ' The die is cast. Russia has mounted a major assault on a neighbour in pursuit of Vladimir Putin’s claims on the territories of the former Russian empire. But if Russia were to fail badly at this, and suffer an unambiguous setback, that would be exactly the shock the country needed to start the long, hard process of transitioning from a frustrated former imperial power to a normal country that can coexist with Europe. In contrast to other European imperial powers, for Russia the end of empire was postponed. It came not at the end of the first world war, or of the second, but at the end of the cold war.' back

Mathematics - Wikipedia, Mathematics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Mathematics (from Greek: μάθημα, máthēma, 'knowledge, study, learning') is an area of knowledge, which includes the study of such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and their changes (calculus and analysis). There is no general consensus about its exact scope or epistemological status.' back

Potential - Wikipedia, Potential - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Potential generally refers to a currently unrealized ability. The term is used in a wide variety of fields, from physics to the social sciences to indicate things that are in a state where they are able to change in ways ranging from the simple release of energy by objects to the realization of abilities in people. The philosopher Aristotle incorporated this concept into his theory of potentiality and actuality, a pair of closely connected principles which he used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, and De Anima, which is about the human psyche..' back

Resty Woro Yunlar, As Dutch say sorry for atrocities in postcolonial Indonesia, time for Jakarta to address its own dark past of racial violence, genocide? , ' A team of 115 researchers in the Netherlands and Indonesia last week published the findings of their six-year study, which concluded that the Dutch government and leadership had “deliberately condoned the systematic and widespread use of extreme violence by the Dutch armed forces” during the war, which lasted from 1945 to 1949. . . . . According to the study, upon returning to its former colony with the help of Allied forces, the Dutch carried out “extrajudicial executions, ill-treatment and torture, detention under inhumane conditions, the torching of houses and villages, theft and destruction of property and food supplies, disproportionate air raids and artillery shelling, and what were often random mass arrests and mass internment”. “It was condoned at every level: political, military and legal. The reason for this was that the Netherlands wanted to defeat the Republic of Indonesia – which had declared independence on August 17, 1945 – at any cost, and was prepared to subordinate almost everything to this goal,” said the study, which cost 6.4 million euros (US$7.25 million).' back

Riemann curvature tensor - Wikipedia, Riemann curvature tensor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Riemann curvature tensor or Riemann–Christoffel tensor (after Bernhard Riemann and Elwin Bruno Christoffel) is the most common way used to express the curvature of Riemannian manifolds. It assigns a tensor to each point of a Riemannian manifold (i.e., it is a tensor field). . . . It is a central mathematical tool in the theory of general relativity, the modern theory of gravity, and the curvature of spacetime is in principle observable via the geodesic deviation equation. The curvature tensor represents the tidal force experienced by a rigid body moving along a geodesic in a sense made precise by the Jacobi equation.' back

Robyn Dixon & Mary Ilyushina, Putin may go to war to capture Ukraine. With Belarus, he did it without firing a shot., ' MOSCOW — Belarus announced Sunday that Russian forces would remain in the country after massive military drills ended, in a move that opposition figures said surrendered the country’s independence to Moscow without a shot being fired. Exiled opposition leader Svetlana Tikhanovskaya said it undermined the country’s security and sovereignty, dragging it into a foreign war as an aggressor. . . . “The presence of Russian troops on our territory violates our constitution, international law, and endangers the security of every Belarusian and the whole region. Belarus is dragged into someone else’s war and turned into an aggressor country,” she said in a statement Sunday.' back

Sydney University, Orthogonal Polynomials, ' Mathematically orthogonal means perpendicular that is at right angles For example the set of vectors {x y z} in threedimensional sppace are orthogonal The concept of orthogonality can be formalised with resp ect to vectors as (x . y) = 0;   (x . z) = 0;  (y . z) = 0, that is the dot product of two orthogonal vectors is zero. Indeed the set of vectors {x y z g i} an orthogonal set. If {x y z} are all unit vectors we say that {x y z} is an orthonormal set of vectors. Orthogonal vectors are linearly independent and {x y z} therefore spans three dimensional space.' back

Thompson, Angus & Dootson, Fake viral footage is spreading alongside the real horror in Ukraine. Here are 5 ways to spot it, ' Amid the alarming images of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine over the past few days, millions of people have also seen misleading, manipulated or false information about the conflict on social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, TikTok and Telegram. One example is this video of military jets posted to TikTok, which is historical footage but captioned as live video of the situation in Ukraine.' back

Weinstein & Rickles (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Quantum gravity, ' Quantum Gravity, broadly construed, is a physical theory (still ‘under construction’) incorporating both the principles of general relativity and quantum theory. Such a theory is expected to be able to provide a satisfactory description of the microstructure of spacetime at the so-called Planck scale, at which all fundamental constants of the ingredient theories, c (the velocity of light in vacuo), ℏ (the reduced Planck’s constant), and G (Newton’s constant), come together to form units of mass, length, and time. This scale is so remote from current experimental capabilities that the empirical testing of quantum gravity proposals along standard lines is rendered near-impossible.' back

Wojciech Hubert Zurek (2008), Quantum origin of quantum jumps: breaking of unitary symmetry induced by information transfer and the transition from quantum to classical, 'Submitted on 17 Mar 2007 (v1), last revised 18 Mar 2008 (this version, v3)) Measurements transfer information about a system to the apparatus, and then further on – to observers and (often inadvertently) to the environment. I show that even imperfect copying essential in such situations restricts possible unperturbed outcomes to an orthogonal subset of all possible states of the system, thus breaking the unitary symmetry of its Hilbert space implied by the quantum superposition principle. Preferred outcome states emerge as a result. They provide framework for the “wavepacket collapse”, designating terminal points of quantum jumps, and defining the measured observable by specifying its eigenstates.' back

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