Natural Theology

We have just published a new website that develops the ideas of this site. Available at Cognitive Cosmology.com.

Contact us: Click to email

Notes

Sunday 3 September 2023 - Saturday 9 September

[page 223]

Sunday 3 September 2023

Kuhlmann's picture of Quantum Field Theory has appeared to me as a modern description of a 'morass of despond' whose roots, for me. go right back to the ancient (false) belief that God is omniscient because matter is the enemy of knowledge and since God is maximally immaterial god is maximally knowledgeable, that is omniscient. aka "slough of despond". Pilgrim's Progress. The Pilgrim's Progress - Wikipedia, Slough of Despond - Wikipedia

I wrote myself out of my personal morass yesterday morning and I

[page 224]

repeat these words here, written in the context of the dreams of field theory with which Einstein's huge success with gravitation has saddled physics in the form of quantum field theory.

Kuhlmann:

In conclusion one has to recall that one reason why the ontological interpretation of QFT is so difficult is the fact that it is exceptionally unclear which parts of the formalism should be taken to represent anything physical in the first place. And it looks as if that problem will persist for quite some time.

Saturday 2 September 2023

Kuhlmann: 'QFT is the extension of quantum mechanics (QM) dealing with particles, over to fields, ie systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom.' Meinard Kuhlmann (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy): Quantum Field Theory

"After weeks of tergiversation I seem to have finally arrived at an understanding (within my fanciful model) of gravitation. The quantum initial singularity is a dimensionless entity which I like to call logical on the assumption that overall the universe is a logical entity, a mind. We take the quantum of action to be a real dynamic entity, the cause of the universe. whose initial singularity breaks (by the zero sum differentiation) to give quantum mechanics and gravitation the two primordial features that add up to zero energy. Quantum mechanics runs in Hilbert space which is formally created by the operation of [mathematical] fixed point theory. The Hilbert space is the kinematic source of variation via superposition from which quantum mechanics selects eigenvectors and their corresponding eigenvalues which are converted from kinematic to dynamic entities (ie entities with the energy necessary to move themselves) by deriving positive energy from the negative potential energy of gravitation, thus creating the gravitational potential wells that establish the stability of the Universe. All this sounds like a consistent myth which incorporates what we know of the zero energy initial singularity, quantum mechanics and gravitation and shows how these two complementary factors of the primary differentiation fit together in a manner reminiscent of the Christian Trinity, the functioning of our own minds coopted by Augustine and Aquinas to explain the Trinity, and Aristotle's unmoved mover that motivates Plato's forms to implement the universal dynamics of hylomorphism." [notes 2 September, page 220]

Monday 4 September 2023

The key to peace is our collective mental state, and the key to human mental consistency is to key it to the reality of a consistent world. At present both theology and physics are not consistent with the world, and the first step would seem to be the creative use of scientific (evolutionary) method to ensure such consistency, ie politics must become informed by reality rather than partisan dreams. The fundamental point is human symmetry. The best I can do is to suggest a path toward this ideal by capturing the historical unifying effect of science where it seems to be most effective, in health care, halfway between physics and theology. Health workers can exploit human symmetry to work anywhere in the world. The human population explosion is a consequence of improvement in health care, often from the very low base of high neonatal mortality of children and perinatal mortality of mothers.

So a plan: begin with biology and genetics, work down to physics, up to theology, cumbersome

[page 225]

stick to the old plan, from initial singularity via bifurcation from pure action to gravitation and quantum mechanics to the universe as a whole. So, with cc17_gravitation in passable shape.

I spend some of my time ashamed of myself because I cannot write clearly what is in my mind. It is a process of repeat and polish, rather like lens grinding and I lack the persistence to reach perfection. I have been trying for 60 years and I feel that I have 20 more to perfect my story. The only answer ever is to keep going. Next revise cc19_fixed points after I read it again to decide whether it adds to the story. It is a throwback to the emergence of Hilbert space in the initial singularity .

Tuesday 5 September 2023

cc18_network; cc19_fixed-points: argument against quantum fluctuations which are the fictitious source of the cosmological constant problem. The fact that the universe is digitized by the quantum of action is the ground of logical certainty, as in the Turing machine, not of uncertainty as proponents of continuous mathematics seem to think. The fundamental error in QFT is the idea that a continuum has infinite degrees of freedom whereas it has zero degrees of freedom since it carries no information. This error is implicit in the concept of the thermodynamic limit and the continuum of probability (law of large numbers) since entropy and probability, like the cardinals of point sets, are counts of discrete entities that cannot be made continuous by squeezing.

[page 226]

cc20_memory: Rewrite, introducing entropy, information, quantization, critique of QFT.

Next steps: Network II: transfinite logical space cc21:

Transfinite Minkowski space cc22:

QFT: → the transition to Turing vacuum: cc23, and the replacement of continuous mathematics and renormalization with network logic.

Woke this morning full of optimism for the completion of the website cognitive cosmology and the book cognitive cosmogenesis by the end of the year. The cooption of gravitation to engineer the transition from kinematics to dynamics in the creation of real entropy and physical information has opened ny eyes to my own future and laid the foundations for a convincing critique of quantum field theory based on a Rovelli like complaint about the misuse of mathematics in physics, which is closely related to the theological error which connects divine [omniscience] with immateriality. Carlo Rovelli (2017): Reality is Not What it Seems: The Journey to Quantum Gravity

Wednesday 6 September 2023

So a plan: give myself two days each to finish cc20 →

When I think about the sadness the Catholic Church has brought me and the world around me

[page 227]

I wonder why I am not more active trying to combat it. Perhaps I am always waiting and sparring for the killer blow. cc20_memory goes slowly. Still waiting for a picture of the heart of the story, which I think is entropy, detail, complexity, and the infinite careful precision of evolution over long periods. The world of fundamental particles is effectively complete with a simple centre and many low probability exploratory outliers. What we really want to do with cc20 is to write to the title (good work done months ago: Space-time, cosmic memory and operating system), controlling the boundless possibilities of Hilbert space to create space-time so we need to add backbone to cc12_hilbert-minkowski.

How does Minkowski space place limits on Hilbert space? Hilbert space exists in a region of no metric? Where every vector is its own metric and so automatically normalized to 1? Does the photon exist in Hilbert space? Carry a Hilbert space vector with it? As every particle does? Because Hilbert vectors are orthogonal they cannot measure each other? Becasue they are fixed points associated with different computable functions they are orthogonal? One feels so much better when ideas start to flow, even if they are bit silly, like silly sex maybe.

I am serious about all this and the heuristic of simplicity suggests that something like this could be true.

[page 228]

My fear with each new step is that I will not be able to complete it (like cc17_gravitation) and this will bring my journey to a halt. Bed early and dream about it. Coffee and cake with Auntie in the morning.

The story is that kinematic Hilbert space feeds entopy into the system just as genetic diversity does and then the constraints of dynamic entropy do the selection and this cycle continues to bring about evolution by natural selection as we see in mathematics where formal dreams (conjectures) are subject to selection by proof [only 0 of the 1 permutations of the natural numbers are Turing proofs, rather like P vs NP]. We see this happen in quantum observation as described by von Neumann. The way forward is cleared again by the kinematic / dynamic trick built into evolutionary genetics / survival. Nurture of children continues the kinematic process after birth but eventually they are on their own and dynamics takes over. But cooperation introduces new kinematics to reduce individual dependencies on dynamism.

It is interesting that I intuitively chose spacetime as the operating system and controller of the world before I even had the slightest clue of the mechanism described above. Now I can go to bed happy, read a few Japanese fairy tales and sleep to dream

[page 229]

Thursday 7 September 2023

Theology and physics are both moral matters, like all science, and bullshit cannot be tolerated.

Friday 8 September 2023

Now I feel that I have got cc20_memory in the bag, Just have to get all the pieces in the right order. How do we create memory, that is entropy? By making information physical, ie by using the potential of gravitation [to convert ideas] from kinematics to dynamics, by turning Descartes clear and distinct ideas into clear and distinct physical objects, ie particles. How does this currently work? The initial singularity is a mathematician following Hilbert's program [maybe working by analogy with the quantum creation of Minkowski space].

The monstrous evil of the Catholic Church [and the Communist Party of China] arises from the fact that it makes kinematic dreams of imagination [of old and powerful men] physical. Geoffrey Roberts: China’s concerning new strategy on human rights: unite the world behind a ‘selective’ approach'

Creation: we can have negative energy, but not negative entropy (despite Brillouin). So what about symmetry with respect to complexity? eg kinemism vs dynamism? Leon Brillouin (1962): Science and Information Theory

Let us imagine a fixed point per Turing computable function [the simplest being f(x) = not-x], [so there are] 0 of them, the dimension of the primordial Hilbert space.

[page 230]

Watch the tennis and realize how hard these people have to work for their success [and don't be so lazy!].

Periodic periods of doubt infest my mind but on the whole each task increases my confidence [and I expect that the same situation applies in cognitive cosmogenesis as it works out in the Universe]. How does mathematics apply to the initial singularity? It is not there in advance: it must be created. We are beginning with Turing computable functions mapping the initial singularity onto the quantum [real, Hermitian] fixed points that lay the foundations of quantum mechanics. So fixed point theory has to be invented to make the Hilbert space and then interactions of vectors in the Hilbert space must create eigenvalues and so on. The first thing we need to do is create Minkowski space via photons and then electrons, ie electrodynamics, weak force and strong force [since the codecs that connect the network are closely related to the sources in the network]. It is possible because it occurred in high energy collisions in the LHC and elsewhere, and this might be why people like the big bang. We imagine that the Hilbert space is a kinetic space driven by the dynamic singularity [kinetic = Hilbert = angel = formal] and then it spawns copies of itself, children, which become more and more complex particles [whose "souls" are complex angels, the spiritual Hilbert soul].

Do I believe my story? In a way I think it is better than the old ones on both the physical and the theological side and I think that it will make an interesting and perhaps marketable book and may have some influence in theology and physics and maybe make me some money. After all it is work of fiction, that is hypothesis, so it is part of a

[page 231]

fair game. The thing I like about it, as these years of notes record, is that new insights seem to keep coming and improving the story and if I can make it work it will liven up my old age and give me the funds necessary to travel after I have spent so much time pursuing romance and theology instead of an honest job.

Every little step forward seems to take more time than I expect. I hope to have cc-20 finished by the end of the weekend, but like cc17_gravitation it is making me go over the whole story again and the kinetic / dynamic distinction is falling into harmony with the Hilbert / Minkowski distinction because I am seeing the Hilbert space as a kinetic product of the initial singularity defined by von Neumann's axioms and constructed by fixed point theory, all very neat. Then quantum mechanics, also kinetic, does its stuff acting at random driven by the dynamism of the gravitational element of the singularity to lay the variational foundation for the evolution of Minkowski space and particles. Here we get a glimpse of the idea that because general relativity is continuous it is meaningless and so it is in effect constructed by the need for Minkowski space to guarantee its own existence by becoming closed, forming orbits and groups, following the same path as Einstein working from electrodynamics to special relativity via Maxwell's equations [which make perfect sense in Hilbert space in photons] and being led on to general relativity by general covariance, ie getting

[page 231]

rid of the reference frame because the Universe is closed and making continuous, closed, convex set to generate the [kinetic] fixed points that constitute the quantum universe [and feeding them with energy to make them dynamic]. These few words constitute another day's work while I read Agatha's story of Endless night [about an incorrigibly evil child]. So I can go to bed having caught a few more glimpses of the future of physical theology aka cognitive cosmogenesis.

Chrissie Hynde sings Bob Dylan Tomorrow is a Long Time. Clearly I want to be as good as Dylan (and everybody else!) Chrissy Hynde Sings Bob Dylan: Tomorrow is a Long Time

Saturday 9 September 2023

At present all my effort is going into the initial epoch of the evolution of the divinity into the Universe, paralleling the bi bang period, hoping at this early stage to identify god and the universe. In a way this would work just as well with the big bang theory because the essential element is the identification of the divinity and the initial singularity but some of the advantages of my approach are:

1. My initial singularity is a quantum entity and, like the traditional divinity and Aristotle's unmoved mover, is pure actuality.

2. The emergence of Hilbert space and quantum mechanics in parallel with the emergence of the Trinity [given a countable number of "persons" rather than just three].

[page 233]

3. The evolutionary development of entropy given that the initial symmetry, in whatever form, has neither energy nor entropy,

4. The quantum mechanical explanation of the role of the peculiar metric of Minkowski space.

5. the role played by non-quantized gravitation in converting kinematic into dynamic entities.

6. Revision of the order of Hilbert and Minkowski space removes most of the trouble arising from the union of quantum mechanics and special relativity, since it removes the need for Lorentz transformation of Hilbert space (Veltman page 20). Martinus Veltman (1994): Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules

The central issue in cc20_memory is the emergence of Minkowski space which carries memory in two forms: the existence of particles (massless bosons) travelling at c outside spacetime, and the existence of durable massive [3D] particles (fermions) occupying the three 'static' dimensions of Minkowski space, all connected by the rotation of Minkowski space brought about by the relative velocities between inertial frames. The memory issue is much deeper than I thought and may take a long think like cc17_gravitation to resolve. The issues must nevertheless be connected.

What looks like a bogus relationship between Hilbert space and Minkowski space

[page 234]

is described in Kuhlmann: 'in conclusion it must be emphasized that in QM and QFT states [vectors] and observables [matrices] are equally important. However, to some extent their roles are switched. While states in QM have concrete spatio-temporal meaning in terms of probabilities and position measurements [because of the conventional use of Minkowski space as the domain of Hilbert space] in QFT states are abstract entities and it is the quantum field operators [Hilbert matrices plastered onto Minkowski space] that allow for spatio-temporal interpretation. See the section on the field interpretation of for a critical discussion [whereas from my point of view there are only particles in Minkowski space which interact through their associated Hilbert space via massless bosons].'

Endless Night: a drama with interesting characters. Symmmetry with respect to complexity sees the first steps of the emergence of the universe as a drama with interesting characters also,which physicists se as quantified mathematical variables but perhaps this is too simple to catch the story [and we must replace the numbers with vectors representing the actions the characters do with another]. Agatha Christie (1967, 2011): Endless Night

Phone ??? 'Maybe hadrons are he first things to appear with gluons and quarks These are quite complex so we'd expect them to come later. First photons, electrons and positrons formed by the Dirac equation . . . which is 4D which will be handy and which will form a 4D diron which is the predecessor of 4D Minkowski space. That fis Sufficient, but is it necessary? Yes, necessary to give free movement to massive electrons and positrons. Then why so little anti-matter?? We have to wait for the weak force to sort that out.'

Agatha page 504: "Endless night": Her best

[page 235]

and a lesson to me. Unlike Michael Rogers I feel that due to my mother [and fear she felt with my father at war] I was born inherently good into an evil religion that it has somehow become my role to destroy it and the only way I can do this is what I have called the Einstein method, to make a scientific breakthrough with will bring me a wave of power sufficient to wash the church clean. Th seah for this knowledge is the purpose of these notes and every now and then I get a glimpse of the picture I am trying to paint. Now it is cc20_memory, a picture of the fundamental structure that the divinity has imprinted upon itself in the billions of years of evolution since it [began as just] the initial singularity. I cannot describe the idea I want yet because it is not yet born but i can go on preparing the nursery into which it will be born, the child that my mother set in motion to sae the world. The best thing I can do in her memory is reform the church to which she gave her life. I would like to be able to do this and I will keep dreaming until my love brings forth a world of endless delight, the antidote to the militant evil that is slowly enveloping us. Melodramatic but motivational. [This evil is not inevitable, it arises from lack of providence in the face of evolution]. Now write on,

Copyright:

You may copy this material freely provided only that you quote fairly and provide a link (or reference) to your source.

Further reading

Books

Brillouin (1962), Leon, Science and Information Theory, Academic 1962 Introduction: 'A new territory was conquered for the sciences when the theory of information was recently developed. . . . Physics enters the picture when we discover a remarkable likeness between information and entropy. . . . The efficiency of an experiment can be defined as the ratio of information obtained to the associated increase in entropy. This efficiency is always smaller than unity, according to the generalised Carnot principle. . . . ' 
Amazon
  back

Christie (1967, 2011), Agatha, Endless Night, William Morrow Paperbacks 2011 ' The exclusive authorized edition of one of Agatha Christie's personal favorites -- a critically acclaimed classic crime thriller from the beloved Queen of Mystery. When penniless Michael Rogers discovers the beautiful house at Gypsy's Acre and then meets the heiress Ellie, it seems that all his dreams have come true at once. But he ignores an old woman's warning of an ancient curse, and evil begins to stir in paradise. As Michael soon learns: Gypsy's Acre is the place where fatal "accidents" happen.' 
Amazon
  back

Rovelli (2017), Carlo, and Simon Carnell & Erica Sere (Translators), Reality is Not What it Seems: The Journey to Quantum Gravity, Allen Lane Penguin 2017 ' Be prepared for your intellectual foundations to be vaporized . . . Carlo Rovelli will melt your synapses with this exploration of physical reality and what the universe is formed of at the very deepest level . . . Quantum gravity is so new that there aren't many popular books about it. You couldn't be in better hands than Rovelli, a world expert.' Tara Shears, The Times Higher Edcation 
Amazon
  back

Veltman (1994), Martinus, Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, Cambridge University Press 1994 Jacket: 'This book provides an easily accessible introduction to quantum field theory via Feynman rules and calculations in particle physics. The aim is to make clear what the physical foundations of present-day field theory are, to clarify the physical content of Feynman rules, and to outline their domain of applicability. ... The book includes valuable appendices that review some essential mathematics, including complex spaces, matrices, the CBH equation, traces and dimensional regularization. . . .' 
Amazon
  back

Links

Chrissy Hynde Sings Bob Dylan, Tomorrow is a Long Time, ' An intimate portrait of Chrissie Hynde, told in her own words as this film explores her inspiration and creative process while creating ten Bob Dylan covers.' back

David Gibson, Opinion: American conservatives are not more Catholic than the pope, ' Pope Francis made headlines recently by ripping the conservative Catholics who dominate the U.S. church as a “reactionary” cohort who have replaced faith with ideology. It was the pontiff’s most pointed criticism of the influential Americans who have been his harshest foes since he was elected more than a decade ago. . . . .. After American-inflected ideas on democracy and religious freedom carried the day at the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), Roman fears shifted to America’s secularizing cultural influence. Pope John Paul II spent his 26-year papacy (1978-2005) pushing the U.S. hierarchy in a conservative theological direction, assisted by his doctrinal chief and right-hand man, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who then succeeded John Paul to serve nearly eight years as Pope Benedict XVI. Vatican, with Francis at the helm, began pushing Americans to be more flexible, more pastoral, more inclusive and less doctrinally rigid. Rome is now the engine of reform, a historic reversal. . . .. back

Geoffrey Roberts, China’s concerning new strategy on human rights: unite the world behind a ‘selective’ approach', ' For more than three decades, China has struggled to contain criticism of its human rights record. It faced a storm of outrage over the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989 and condemnation of its mass incarceration of Muslim Uyghurs in recent years. . . .. Now, however, the government has formed a coherent ideological strategy in response to this criticism. China is seeking not merely to resist but to dismantle a foundational idea of the post-Cold War international order – the universality of human rights. The government’s new strategy is called the “Global Civilisation Initiative”. And it’s become a major weapon in the Chinese party-state’s foreign propaganda arsenal. The initiative was first announced by Chinese President Xi Jinping in March. It complements two previously announced (and similarly named) diplomatic tools: the Global Development Initiative and Global Security Initiative. Together, these intentionally vague concepts are designed to expand China’s influence over international institutions and norms. . . .. As a self-serving instrument for the projection of China’s power and influence, the success of the Global Civilisation Initiative will depend on its level of buy-in from developing states. In a world in which democracy and human rights are in decline and authoritarianism is on the rise, this may be readily forthcoming.' back

Hermitian adjoint - Wikipedia, Hermitian adjoint - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Hermitian operators: A bounded operator A : H → H is called Hermitian or self-adjoint if
A = A*
which is equivalent to
⟨ A x , y ⟩ = ⟨ x, A y ⟩ for all x , y ∈ H.
In some sense, these operators play the role of the real numbers (being equal to their own "complex conjugate") and form a real vector space. They serve as the model of real-valued observables in quantum mechanics. See the article on self-adjoint operators for a full treatment.' back

Jennifer Rubin, Opinion: We’re experiencing another desperate wave of willful amnesia, 'No author has written more insightfully and candidly about white Christian nationalism than Robert P. Jones, chief executive of the Public Religion Research Institute. . . . .. My college’s mascot was “the Choctaws,” yet, I was taught nothing about the genocide and forced removal of members of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Creek tribes from the land on which the college sits. It is a testimony to the power of white supremacy that such histories could remain suppressed with the evidence of the crimes kept so close at hand. Our nation has always struggled with a fundamental contradiction. We built the philosophical framework for a democratic society on a foundation of mass racial violence. And we attempted to paper over the conflicts between these ideals and our actions with an audacious religious claim, rooted in a set of 15th-century church edicts known as the Doctrine of Discovery: that this nation was intended by God to be a promised land for European Christians.' back

Meinard Kuhlmann (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Quantum Field Theory, ' Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is the mathematical and conceptual framework for contemporary elementary particle physics. In a rather informal sense QFT is the extension of quantum mechanics (QM), dealing with particles, over to fields, i.e. systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. (See the entry on quantum mechanics.) In the last few years QFT has become a more widely discussed topic in philosophy of science, with questions ranging from methodology and semantics to ontology. QFT taken seriously in its metaphysical implications seems to give a picture of the world which is at variance with central classical conceptions of particles and fields, and even with some features of QM.' back

Richard Colledge, Guide to the Classics: Simone Weil’s The Need for Roots, ' To be rooted is perhaps the most important and least recognised need of the human soul. So claimed the great French philosopher, activist and spiritual writer, Simone Weil, in her classic 1943 book, The Need for Roots. It was published months before her death in England during some of the darkest days of German occupation of her homeland. . . .. Weil died in 1943 at the age of just 34 in a sanatorium in Ashford, Kent, in circumstances that are still debated. She had contracted tuberculosis, but she had also been restricting her diet in solidarity with the suffering people of occupied France. So ended a life of almost unrelenting intensity and devotion. The Need for Roots was written under these conditions of great physical duress. Weil had been requested by the “Free French” resistance movement in London to write a report on the possibilities of bringing about the regeneration of France after the end of the second world war. The result was nothing less than a tour de force of ethics and political philosophy, set in a lucid historical context, with an unrelenting eye on practical imperatives for rebuilding the French nation.' back

Sheppard, McGeoch, Hulm & Cassay, The true damage of invasive alien species was just revealed in a landmark report. Here’s how we must act, ' Invasive alien species are driving biodiversity loss and extinctions in every country, all over the world. Responding to the challenge, the United Nations is today releasing the first global assessment of invasive alien species and their control. It comes from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), which represents almost 140 member states. . . . .. In 2019, IPBES released a global biodiversity assessment that placed invasive alien species in the top five drivers of biodiversity loss - alongside changing land- and sea-use, over-exploitation of natural resources, climate change, and pollution. This triggered further assessment to determine the current global state of biological invasions, the effectiveness of our existing responses, and recommended management and policy options. The result, released today, is the most comprehensive overarching policy-relevant report on biological invasions to date. . . . .. Australia already has close to 3,000 introduced alien species. Aotearoa New Zealand has almost 900. . . .. The assessment reveals that invasive alien species have contributed to 60% of global extinctions, and have been the sole driver of 16% of recorded extinctions. . . . .. The economies of both countries rely heavily on agriculture, trade and eco-tourism. These sectors are highly susceptible to threats from invasive alien species. The cost to Australia is A$24.5 billion a year out of an estimated global cost of $654 billion (US$423 billion a year). . . . .. ' back

Slough of Despond - Wikipedia, Slough of Despond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' The Slough of Despond (/ˈslaʊ ... dɪˈspɒnd/ or /ˈsluː/;[1] "swamp of despair") is a fictional, deep bog in John Bunyan's allegory The Pilgrim's Progress, into which the protagonist Christian sinks under the weight of his sins and his sense of guilt for them. It is described in the text: This miry Slough is such a place as cannot be mended; it is the descent whither the scum and filth that attends conviction for sin doth continually run, and therefore is it called the Slough of Despond: for still as the sinner is awakened about his lost condition, there ariseth in his soul many fears, and doubts, and discouraging apprehensions, which all of them get together, and settle in this place; and this is the reason of the badness of this ground. The "Slough of Despond" may have been inspired by Squitch Fen, a wet and marshy area near his cottage in Harrowden, Bedfordshire, which Bunyan had to cross on his way to church in Elstow, or "The Souls' Slough" on the Great North Road between Tempsford and Biggleswade.' back

The Pilgrim's Progress - Wikipedia, Pilgrim's Progress - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' The Pilgrim's Progress from This World, to That Which Is to Come is a 1678 Christian allegory written by John Bunyan. It is regarded as one of the most significant works of theological fiction in English literature and a progenitor of the narrative aspect of Christian media. It has been translated into more than 200 languages and never been out of print. It appeared in Dutch in 1681, in German in 1703 and in Swedish in 1727. The first North American edition was issued in 1681. It has also been cited as the first novel written in English.' back

www.naturaltheology.net is maintained by The Theology Company Proprietary Limited ACN 097 887 075 ABN 74 097 887 075 Copyright 2000-2023 © Jeffrey Nicholls