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Notes DB93 Theological Genocide - 2026

Sunday 22 February 2026 - Saturday28 February 2026

[page 323]

Sunday 22 February 2026

cl4l05_particles: Done
cl4l06_fermions - Dirac equation [modified monday to cl4l06_entropy

Monday 23 February 2026

so the big question is how do we get from a quantum form to a massive fermion and accompanying bosons [which is analogous to the QFT claim that pre-existing fields are converted into real particles by energy from ‘fluctuations’]. The only route to understanding is through QFT vis Behiel electromagnetism as a gauge theory, ie as a wave theory. Richard Behiel: Electromagnetism as a gauge theory

[page 324]

Newton was right in Minkowski space where force and momentum are operative. How do we explain the effect of photons on positive and negative charges a) quantum mechanically and b) classically. We have to establish a relationship between QM and spacetime, to be modelled by real observable particles, fermions and bosons, which are created by the formal structures acquiring energy ie a sequence of acts realized as frequency /momentum in photons and mass in fermions [remembering that the quantum of action, like the initial singulaerity is a substance and they are formally indentical, ie, as Aquinas tells us, the divinity acts at every point in the world]. So what does charge mean and how does QFT link all this to phase / rate of change of phase / “gauge” theory. I have to watch out for this in Behiel’s treatment [which is plain vanilla QFT without Feynman and vacuum fluctuations].

“why is electromagnetism a thing”. Field is a thing? [we can feel it] or are particles [physical information] the things? The electric field is a mathematical abstraction which we wish to couple to quantum mechanics to see how it comes through from QM to Minkowski space and the answer that we want is charged spin ½ particles and energetic photons [and the proof of the pudding is the pixellation of Minkowski space].

Theory Maxwell’s equations and Lorentz force law to be derived from gauge theory [what is the specific link?]. We may think of a wave as a continuous function that can be encoded into binary by the Nyquist-Shannon theorem and this enables us to calculate the entropy of the quantum system and we may see this as closely related to the cardinal of the Hilbert space and we may interpret each Hilbert base as a ‘bit’, each bit carrying the same entropy and all orthogonal, as in the binary string representing a decoded wave [getting more information theory into quantum mechanics, which is where the real truth lies (and the murk in which my nobel prize is hidden)].

Field pushes on charges - Maxwell and Lorentz, like gravity pushes on me.

[page 325]

“Material properties emerge in the statistical limits of complicated condensed matter system.” how do quantum equations fit to reality? Why is EM a thing? The answer: Because the Dirac field has local U(1) phase symmetry – an article of faith,

Matter and antimatter; photons massless; electricity 3D vector; magnetism 3D pseudovector; why E and M interact; derive Maxwell, Gauss, Faraday, Ampere + Maxwell.

Lorentz force law + why is electric charge conserved. These are all related facts but how are they explained by fermions and bosons which explain spacetime and EM? We go deep.

The base dichotomy in the complex plane is between the real axis and the complex plane and we can cut it down a bit [with normalization] to the two real roots of unity and the countable infinity of complex roots.

Our foundation is the heuristic of simplicity and the algorithm of truthfulness in court, equality between [reality] and representation, where we think of events as reality and the evidence as formalism, but since information is physical, we are talking about a transformation linked by the Shannon-Nyquist encoding theorem. Think of it as a polynomial and a matrix with the same entropy.

Tuesday 24 February 2026

I am facing the same problem as QFT: Ie making the fields into

[page 326]

real particles by providing energy. The differences is that their fields are in a Minkowski space presumed to have been given (by the creator or the big bang?) whereas my foundations for particles are provided by genetic evolution via quantum mehanics in the primordial Hilbert space. I have been hoping since about 2020 that I am on a good thing but have to clarify it before I send it to Fundamentals of physics, my main product post publication of Cognitive Cosmogenesis.

Georgia Phillips book posted today with letter about my mother being so deluded by catholicism that she did not listen to a word of my explanation for my expulsion from the order and my opinion that it was a good thing in the fifty years that I tried to explain it to her before she died. Georgia Phillips (2026_02_23): desperate, intelligent, irreverent: In big kiss, bye-bye, Claire-Louise Bennett breaks up with illusions

To Jon Opie: “I came to you with a program in mind which might have run me off the rails a bit in the essays I submitted, but now, six years later, I think I have adequately demolished quantum field theory to the satisfaction of Kuhlmann and produced a logically consistent proof that the universe is omnipotent and eternal and divine and I am now struggling to write it down for the Foundations of Physics and attach a copy to be read in the light of my book.” Meinard Kuhlmann (Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy): Quantum field theory

The “information is physical” mantra works from the beginning in the initial symmetry and continues through the universe with the fact that every Hilbert basis state is a quantum of action formally (at base) identical to the initial singularity, an atom of angular momentum, part of a wave (ie a wave is a sequence of quanta of action, or perhaps ‘half’’ spin ½ quanta) [this is a continuation of my idea in the park near Ovingham station [see notes26m01d18 page 248].

[page 327]

when the Brouwer fixed point theorem picks a point in the structureless initial singularity it in fact picks the whole singularity and when it makes a number of discrete picks these are a time sequence of “throws of the die” which are primarily distinguished by the ‘time’ of their pick and so the initial orthogonality in the universe is distinguished by discrete ticks of time and here we face the beginning of history and in some way since all the discrete ticks exist in the same eternity as one another they are in effect superposed into [a Hilbert basis of] ‘waves’ the beginning of the wave nature of reality discerned by de Broglie.

TSMC: Mr chang: ‘meticulous, stubborn, trusting his best people and crucially having boundless ambition and making daring moves when justified. Paul Mozue & John Liu (2023_08_04): The chip titan whose life’s work is at the center of a tech cold war

Wednesday 25 February 2026

People desperate to be heard are inclined to perform extreme acts which are often likely to get them killed by people that do not want to listen. I have taken a very soft and conservative approach by publishing a book, Cognitive Cosmology. This book contrasts two theories of everything: The Judaeo-Christian heritage embodied in the Roman Catholic Church which no longer murders dissidents like myself, and the modern alternative, the standard model which is a theory

[page 328]

of the fundamental forces gravitation, electromagnetism, the weak force and the strong force which are believed to have governed the evolution of the structure of the universe that began about 14 billion years ago, possibly with a cosmic explosion known as the big bang [weak and strong are named for the Newtonian type force that these “fields” are understood to exert in Minkowski space].

From my point of view, expressed in my book, both these theories are unsatisfactory and I propose an alternative which is summarized in the back of the book as a set of principles.

the defect in the Judaeo-Christian story is that it is mythology that in no way meets the demands of evidence based society. It is widespread not because of its human appeal but because it has allied itself with powerful imperial military forces, beginning with the Roman Empire in the time of Constantine and continuing to the present day in the global hegemony of first [the Holy Roman empire and then] the British empire and most recently with the United States which controls the most powerful military force on the planet and uses it relentlessly to impose its ideology on the world. Like the Catholic church, an essential component of its foreign policy is to present itself as a necessary public good in the management of the world. Fortunately we are currently being enlightened by the fact that the management of the US has become blatantly imperialist, theocratic and autocratic, severely tarnishing the appeal of the historic benefits of the kudos it won by settling the European wars of the twentieth century. That settlement is beginning to fail and we are facing a new era of imperialistic hegemony. Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia

[page 329]

The fundamental defect with the Standard Model lies in its military heritage which culminated in the development of the nuclear weapons that settled the imperial designs of the axis powers that evolved in the twentieth century and which har maintained a precarious peace since the end of the second world was [although the number of nations with nuclear weapons has increased to nine of which one, Israel, has not admitted possession.

There can be no doubt that the disciplines of engineering and physics have brought enormous benefits to who have access to them. Much Of this advantage arises From the close scientific examination of our environment which took its greatest step forward when Charles Darwin revealed that the enormous complexity of all living bodies, including ours were formed by about four billion years of the origin and evolution if earth set in the local solar system which emerged in the first ten billion years of cosmic evolution. This discovery has opened the way for a more comprehensive understanding of our origins, although it is rejected by the theological powers opposed to science.

Physics and engineering, being practical sciences have to take the world as we find it and are particularly concerned with observable material entities, an approach often called materialism and opposed to the spiritual aspirations of theologies, this history has opened what I call a ‘Gnostic Gap’ between matter and spirit which currently serves as an impediment to the more comprehensive union of physics and theology that I propose. And so on.

[page 330]

The job now is to boil my book down to an article for Frontiers in Physics which truly captures the forgoing story in a comprehensive theory of everything built on the Aquinas–Einstein singularity / symmetrywhich says all the above, but now the immediate task is to see what the markets are doing and winkle a few $$ out of the system.

TOE_2026_02_22 abstract 339 words: [insert]

It is proposed that we relocate the Hilbert space describing the universe from Minkowski space to a structureless, eternal and omnipotent initial singularity based on the work of the theologian Thomas Aquinas and the physicist Albert Einstein, the Aquinas–Einstein symmetry.

Then, working on the assumption that the von Neumann axiomatization of quantum mechanics provides us with a basis for computation at least as powerful as the turing machine, we describe, by analogy with Darwin’s theory of evolution, processes which may describe the differentiation of the observed universe within the singularity.

This scheme draws heavily on ideas from traditional logic, theology and quantum field theory.

Mathematical continuity is replaced by the more powerful notion of logical continuity, implemented formally by mathematical proof and practically by digital computing processes.

Starting from the assumption that nothing comes from nothing, the symmetry must be eternal existing prior to time and energy. The creation of entropy is modelled on the theory developed in the fifth century by the theologian Augustine of Hippo. He proposed that the creation of the trinity within the ancient unitary divinity was a consequence of the divinity reflecting upon itself. The modern version of this idea is embodied in brouwer’s fixed point theory and suggests a source for Hilbert space in the singularity.

Since this singularity is the source of the universe, it is assumed to be omnipotent. The medieval theologian Thomas Aquinas describes an omnipotent entity is one that can achieve anything that is not self contradictory. This suggests that from a formal point of view the structure within the singularity may be modelled by the consistent mathematics implicit in Hilbert’s doctrine of formalism.

GIven Landauer’s contention that information is physical, it is assumed that all mathematical entities must have physical representation. This implies that the singularity is a real physical object and serves as a model for the quantum of action which appears in Minkowski space as the unit of angular momentum. As von Neunmann notes, quantum mechanics falsifies the ancient belief that natura non facit saltum. [339 words]

What next? Listen to Behiel?

The fundamental assumption of QFT and the standard model appears to be that we are given an initial singularity with a large quantity of energy whose explosion leaves us with Minkowski space and a set of fields corresponding to the known set of fundamental particles whose interactions we have succeeded quite well in explaining, beginning with elecromagnetism and proceeding to the electro-weak force and the strong force.

This situation forms the background for the prize being offered by the Clay Institute for a comprehensive description of quantum Yang-Mills theory. One might be led to suspect by the comprehensive linearity of quantum mechanics that diverging into non-linear Yang-Mills theory may in fact be [leaving] the true quantum mechanical faith. The first sign of this heresy was the decision to write quantum mechanics on Minkowski space where it is subject to non-linear Lorentz transformations, as Veltman notes. Carlson, Jaffe & Wiles (2006): The Millennium Prize Problems, Martinus Veltman (1994): Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, page 20.

So let us explore the path to true quantum mechanic and deal with the difficulties this may cause in mapping theory to data. This non-linear rot has already infected electrodynamics.

[page 331]

Then inertial symmetry, Newton’s first law.

Behiel: EM as a gauge theory again. Dirac equation is square root of Klein Gordon equation. What can that possibly mean? Richard Behiel: Electromagnetism as a gauge theory

Inertial symmetry: Notes26m01d04. “in quantum field theory ψ itself becomes fuzzy” [??].

Dirac equation ψ is a 4 component complex vector, ie bispinor. Why? What does this mean? [degrees of freedom?] “spin structure gives first order in space and time while unifying QM and spin structure necessary to give the degrees of freedom to give relativistic physics while only using first derivatives of space and time”. Nothing about fermions and bosons here, simply mathematics.

"γ matrices provide agreement between QM and the [Minkowski] mass shell. Speed of light correlates space and time in spacetime”.

Particle in free space with 0 momentum. What does this mean? Position anywhere, you say. Pixellation of space. Maybe what I have taken on is too hard for me, but I’ve got years!

exp (imc2t) / ℏ) where i m c2t is energy. Time = action/action, = e−i. Every action is one quantum of action and rate of action E = hf (energy). Given that action is a real substance like the initial singularity, energy gives life to a particle – the stuff of my essay. Normalization controls the amplitude of a wave, all equal, carriers of energy, eg photons [bare energy + phase, the information carrier].

[page 332]

Only difference between e+ and e is direction of rotation in complex plane. Dirac equation gives two ways to represent a particle with zero momentum, ψ clockwise and ψ anticlockwise. How does this relate to random time without direction? Why does Dirac equation branch? Artificial 4D linear Minkowski. Spin up and spin down do not exist in QM because no direction [but p and not-p].

The hidden behaviour of 2D complex numbers is an invisible spirtual process? Zero momentum eigenstate is not in space. What we have to explain in commentary cl4l06_fermion is how a fermion becomes real with the properties it has and to talk about this we need to talk about energy. Photon has two degrees of freedom, frequency and polarization, similar to electron up and down.

So Behiel assumes the existence of space and time, whereas we are going to create it in 4D. My paper for Frontiers only needs to go as far as producing bosons and fermions in space on top of the initial symmetry [to give Minkowski space] which is the scene of the quadratic Lorentz transformation [and the mass shell].

Fermions are the ‘proteins’ of the world defined by quantum genes, ie vectors [genetic sentences / sequences].

Fontiers essay: The simplicity of QM and symmetry W.R.T. Complexity, linearity, superposition and hermitian self adjoint operators.

Thursday 26 February 2026

Visit Rosie and lunch with M & R. Home 2.30.

[page 333]

Zsuzsanna Dancso. Time is a one directional dimension [zero entropy?]. Zsuzsanna Dancso (2026_02_26): Why you can’t tie knots in four dimensions

Behiel 2:40: on spinors and direction in 3D space controlled by phases on each direction ie direction = ∫ phase Δ between components. Phase Δ between components of spinor has 3D visual interpretation. How does this work? It is something to do with the orientation of the spin-up/spin-down axis of the electron and we are working in the linear Minkowski space of the Dirac equstion. We have to couple this to Lorentz. All this works because SU(2) double covers 3D space and the motion of the spinor is a function of the passage of time measured in the rate of rotation of the vector in 3D space. Spinors are always normalized [2 complex components].

Spin structure is an inevitable consequence of writing an equation which is both first order and relativistic. Quote [video] Dirac 2:27; ‘forced into equation which brought in electron spin without any special pleading, ie the simplest particle does have spin’.

2:36: The positron solution. Everything encoded in the complex phase difference beteeen the components of the spinor.

Multiplying by a complex factor in 3D all we are doing is rotating the flag [not changing the direction of the pole].

1. SU(2) double cover of 3D means 2π phase change will rotate flag twice, 4π.

2. Difference in time evolution between matter and anti-matter. Complex phase factor is going around the other way in time

2:33: ‘local phase symmetry’.

[page 334]

Ie the Dirac equation has local phase symmetry any arbitrary phase transformation leaves all observable quantities unchanged, ie all the changes in all the phases of a basis of a Hilbert space leaves us with exactly the same set of eigenvectors and eigenvalues, Dirac (and everybody elses’s) transformation theory. ei θ is an element of U(1). Paul Dirac (1983): The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (4th ed).

So local phase transformation ψ’ = ψei θ. θ is a real angle in complex plane and θ can change in space and time , ie change in spacetime, which is not meaningful in pure quantum mechanics – local phase transformations do not change the direction of the flagpole.

2.27 Local phase transformation changes a particle at rest to a particle in motion]. Phase gradients in space measure momentum. Phase gradents in time measure energy, ie rate of action. So phase gradient in space and time maps to momentum and energy in spactime. So we are coupling linear differentials in phase to linear changes in spacetime 4gradient of θ matches 4 momentum of particle, coupling QM to Minkowski. So we sare saying Dirac does not have local phase symmetry on its own.

Phase gradients influence particles and antiparticles in equal and opposite ways.

2:20: Dirac field does not have local phase symmetry. Leaving all observables unchanged brings us to study the Lagrangian and least [stationary] action. If we can write a Lagrangian this shows how to manage minimization.

Behiel 2;20: S = ∫ ℒ d4x = Lagrangian density. It does not change observables. Dirac Lagrangian ℒ = 𝜓bar (i ℏc γμμ − mc2)ψ.

[page 335]

𝜓bar = [ψ1*, ψ2*, − ψ3* ψ4*]

Transform ei θ by replacing ψ with ψ’ = ψei θ. ψ can be a general solution to the Dirac equation. Complex conjugate of e is e−i θ.

Now we are getting into calculus and product rule. Is this valid? We consider ψ as a continuous variable. Is it?

So a bit of mathematics and we arrive at original ei θ − [. . .] μθ. The new thing is μθ, ie transformed ℒ is now the same as original. + Δℒ

2:11:30: what is the problem? Dirac field does not have local phase symetry on its own. So cancel Δℒ.

2:2:08: Set θ = 0 then Δℒ goes away.

some calculation and we are getting hints of EM 4 potential.

so a mystery 4 vector [A?] couples to electron 4-current to yield energy. Does A have independent existence, ie mass? ℒ mass ≈ AμAμ. So since A cannot have mass, we solve the A problem with μAν − ∂νAμ not affected by θ.

2:17:2 saves the day. A escapes the tyrranny of the phase change and we get to the six ways: 2:19:20.

[page 336]

Friday 27 February 2026

Behiel 2:19:20. aμ is a 4 vector. aμ’s degrees of freedom are independent of ψ. 3 ways to take time and space, 3 ways to take space and space in the relationship μaν νaμ. All this arises from the fact that fermions need 3D to avoid one another due to exclusion leading us to believe that exclusion is the cause of 3D rather than 3D the cause of exclusion and we are inclined to guess that it has something to to with SU(2) which related to 3D, but we have already put 3D into Dirac eqution so we need the root casuse of 3D which Feynman attribute to spin ½ inverting the wave function when fermions are swapped leading to probability 0 that they can superpose, but ?

Feynman 1964: The character of physdical law, Messenger lectures. Richard Feynman (1964): The Relation of Physics and Mathematics

Feynman disagram is weighted sum of all possible histories. Feynman diagrams sum by superposition.

Behiel: exyz scalars add up to 3D electric field.

Electric field is a consequence of Dirac field in 3D having local phase symmetry, ie EM field is part of the Dirac field.

Magnetism is a pseudovector because its mirror image has a minus sign. Angular momentum is a pseudovector, an oriented plane. [quanum of action has dimensions of angular momentum in Minkowski space so has direction?]

Magnetism is curl of EM fields.

Behiel 2:24:33: Its all pure math? No, the math is desctibing reality, which is the 3D effect of photons. Faraday tensor: μaν − ∂νaμ.

[page 337]

A has six degrees of freedom without disturbing the local Dirac field.

Behiel is not separating EM from Dirac equation but we talk about electrons rather than photons, ie photons are necessary to make electrons consistent with QM outside [= ‘prior to’]space and time.

2:27 deriving Maxwell’s equations from assumptions about local phase symmetry, ie local Lagrangian in Minkowski space, but we really want to do it the other way around, coming from quantum mechanics to Minkowski spacetime and eletromagnetism.

2:29: Div curl = 0,∇.(∇ x B). Time component of Aμ is voltage. Faraday’s law of induction ∇ x E = 1/c ∂B/∂t.

Homogeneous Maxwell’s equations; → 2:39: Inhomogeneous. Faraday tensor. Then use Faraday to write Lagrangian for QED. 4D spcetime is fundamental constraint. Fμν 6 degrees of freedon. Fμν electric components

2:48 FμνFμν 16 terms downstairs and upstairs = 2(B2 − E2) which is the same for all inertial observers, ie Lorentz invariant, which is a consequence of the absence of space and time in quantum mechanics. Gravity puts energy into QM and effectively creating Minkowski metric.

2: 52: 1/8π E2 is energy density of electric field.

Photon’s kinetic conribution to the Lagrangian of QED.

2:53 Fine structure constant.

[page 338]

Lagrangian of QED, 3 pieces. (see also page 223 Sat 3/1, not transcribed, watch the video 1:53 ++)

Electron kinetic + mass energy – interaction with photon field – kinetic energy of photon field. Faraday encompasses all degrees of freedom of Aμ. Maxwell’s equations are linear.

Lagrangian is Dirac equation with local U(1) symmetry upgrade and we use it to calculate inhomogeneous Maxwell’s equations. We are going around in curcles a bit here but ultimately will break through the quantum mechanical reconstruction of Minkowski space via fermions and bosons problem. Behiel 2:59.

2:01 Photon field Aμ coupled to electron field ψ + minimizing action S = ∫ ℒ d4x in 4D Minkowski space. Photon field relaxes around ψ ie ∂S = 0. Given ψ what must be true of Aμ to get ∂S = 0? Ie what must be true about A?

2:04: Looking for stationarity: Nudge photon fields in 1: Value; and 2: Derivatives in kinetic contrbution to Lagrangian. We note that all this happens automatically and causally when we are constructing Minkowsdki from QED, but going the other way from Minkowski to Dirac etc becomes quite complicated, ie it gets a bit like QFT when we put it in Minkowski space rather than the initial singularity. This story is the insight I am seeking to convey in the Foundations paper [a spinoff from cl4l_commentary]. There are a lot of new things in Minkowski space compared to the basic naked quantum field theory. All this is the numerical consequence of certain [particle] structures.

[page 339]

So we have to vary the Lagrangian with respect to A and with respect to the kinetic variations in A, its derivatives: 2 terms for nudges in A, 16 in nudges for variations in A

2:10: Euler Lagrange. Note in our model this whole Lagrangian is created by the energization of the electron and its interaction with the photons (bosons) so it is automatically zero and stable because potential ≡ kinetic.

2:30: μFμν − 4π/c Jν is both Maxwell’s inhomgeneous equations, Gausses law for elecricity and Ampere’s law with Maxwell’s addition. It implies that charge is locally conserved ∇.E = 4πρ = Gauss for electricity.

2:51 Maxwell’s equation comes from

2:58: Local charge conservation ∂ρ/t + ∇.J = 0. All these numbers are properties of physical realities. Which we are helped to understand by the mantra that all informastion is physical.

ie νjν = 0 is Lorentz invariant: Covariant four gradient and contravariant current, ie ∂νμFμν = 0.

we started with ψ and varied a resulting in local conservaation of charge.

Lorentz force law see Wikipedia: Relativistic Lagrangian Mechanics.

2:57: Lorentz force law: dpμ/ = q/c Fμν uν relativistic.

[page 340]

covariant derivative.

3:06:20: The mystery of the fine struture constant.

consider the ratio of the electromagnetic interaction energy to the energy of the photon: Energy to bring electron from to d / energy of photon wavelength λ = 2π d

α = q2/hc. Given q, h and c, ie about 1/137. Why?

Electroweak unification: The Higgs has cut down three degrees of freedon not just shearing off U(1)γ but rather leaving behind a little slice U(1)em which is a mix of SU(2)l and U(1)γ .

and a question: “when we insist that the Dirac field has local phase symmetry are we making adding something new to our model of nature, or taking smething away”.

It is simply implicit in Dirac’s transformation theory of pure quantum mechanics which postulates a definite linear connection between the bases of a Hilbert space and the output of hermitian operstors on that space (?).

In a scientific religion we do not rely on faith but on observation and research.

Saturday 28 February 2026

It has taken me a very long time to state the obvious and identify the Aquinas–Einstein singularity with the traditional god and both with the quantum of action whose essence is to exist and act, the once and future particle which multiplies itself by

[page 341]

reflection like Augustine’s Trinity and by that random process introduces time (sequence) and energy (action/time) into the world: e = ℏω = h/t.

Spin ≡ quantum of action is the appearance of divinity in the world and the fundamental starting point for a quantum explanation of the world. A quantum of action is a real event which we can represent with a sequence like this: “they fell in love”. It is normalized and its information content is measured by the cardinal of the Hilbert space in which it exists.

Writing is a log of thinking.

Maybe 4D spinor is not a particle and an antiparticle but a positive energy fermion and a negative energy boson, so repecting the gravitational bifurcation and maintain the Lagrangian of QM (which has zero energy per se and Minkowski space which also has zero energy so T − V = 0 and stationarity is guaranteed. A reinterpretation of Behiel and a deletion of QFT,

Is this a brilliant idea which has been lurking in my mind since 2018 ish?

This way sorts out the surfeit of antipartcles which bugs QFT by showing thst the physics rather than the mathematics rules when we come down to the wire and the particle-antiparticle aymmetry may be just a dream and there is some other source of antiparticles, right hand neurinos etc.

copyright:

you msay copy this material freely provided only that you quote fairly and provide a link (or reference) to your source.

Further reading

Books

Carlson (2006), James, and Arthur Jaffe & Andrew Wiles, The Millennium Prize Problems, Clay Mathematics Institute and American Mathematical Society 2006
1: The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture: Andrew Wiles
2: The Hodge Conjecture: Pierre Deligne
3: The Existence and Smoothness of the Navier-Stokes Equation: Charles L Fefferman
4: The Poincare Conjecture: John Milnor
5: The P versus NP Problem: Stephen Cook
6: The Riemann Hypothesis: Enrico Bombieri
7: Quantum Yang-Mills Theory: Arthur Jaffe and Edward Whitten 
Amazon
  back

Dirac (1983), P A M, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (4th ed), Oxford UP/Clarendon 1983 Jacket: '[this] is the standard work in the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, indispensible both to the advanced student and the mature research worker, who will always find it a fresh source of knowledge and stimulation.' (Nature)  
Amazon
  back

Veltman (1994), Martinus, Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, Cambridge University Press 1994 Jacket: 'This book provides an easily accessible introduction to quantum field theory via Feynman rules and calculations in particle physics. The aim is to make clear what the physical foundations of present-day field theory are, to clarify the physical content of Feynman rules, and to outline their domain of applicability. ... The book includes valuable appendices that review some essential mathematics, including complex spaces, matrices, the CBH equation, traces and dimensional regularization. . . .' 
Amazon
  back

Links

Alex Lo, As I see it | An America without independent institutions cannot stay No 1, ' Here, I refer to a relevant recent study by researchers at the Vienna-based Complexity Science Hub. It identifies three main factors that help societies avoid collapse and renew themselves: a willingness among elites to make sacrifices; comprehensive institutional reforms; and the capacity of the state to sustain these reforms.
It seems obvious that the Trump White House and its billionaire supporters are actively doing the opposite of all three. Sacrifices? Take a look at endless reports of the Epstein files, which give a pretty good picture of what the political and business elites have been up to.
Rich people are reportedly fleeing, suing or buying political influence to counter local governments in New York and California for proposing a property tax increase and a one-time wealth tax on billionaires, respectively, to fill budget holes. Republicans and much of the financial and conservative press blame the proposed taxes for the exodus of billionaires, but for what do those rich people need all the money?
Meanwhile, the US has brought a wrecking ball to major institutions, both foreign and domestic. Last month, it announced it would leave 66 key international bodies, not to mention those being sanctioned, including judges and prosecutors from the International Criminal Court.
Domestically, Trump has threatened the independence of the US Federal Reserve, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the judiciary and universities. His administration has cut funding to scientific and medical research, and infrastructure building, and it has gutted long-standing federal agencies such as those protecting the environment and enforcing climate laws.
Far from pursuing reforms, the Trump administration is weakening or otherwise destroying institutions. That does not seem like a recipe for future success.
back

Amy Davidson Sorkin (2026_02_23), The Supreme Court’s Complicated Takedown of Trump’s Tariffs, ' In that sense, it wasn’t so much tariffs, per se, that the Court refused to endorse on Friday as it was legal laziness, recklessness, and a Trumpian sense that the White House is a kind of executive-power magic shop, in which the thinnest hint of permissiveness in an obscure statute can suddenly balloon into a limitless grant of permission for the President to do whatever he wants. At Trump’s press conference on Friday, a minute before he ruminated about the nation-wrecking damage he could still do—maybe with trade embargoes this time—he’d bragged about how “we don’t make the pennies anymore,” since his Treasury Department ended production of those coins last year. How could he, Trump, the slayer of pennies, possibly not have the power to impose tariffs?'

The case that the Court decided, Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump and Trump v. V.O.S. Selections, was the consolidation of two lawsuits, brought by small businesses and states, challenging Trump’s use of IEEPA. IEEPA is a powerful tool; its provisions include a long list of commerce-related actions, such as imposing export restrictions and quotas, that a President can take in the case of a national emergency. The problem for Trump is that “tariffs” is not on the list. Neither are related terms, like “duties” or “customs.” The entire world-market-upsetting tariff scheme—under which, Roberts wrote in the majority decision, Trump asserted that “the independent power to impose tariffs on imports from any country, of any product, at any rate, for any amount of time”—was built on nothing more than the awkward placement of the word “regulate” a couple of lines away from the word “importation.” And, as Roberts stated and a six-Justice majority found, “Those words cannot bear such weight".' back

Bibek Bhandari (2026_02_21), Unearthed temple in Nepal sheds new light on Buddha’s early life, ' Nepal’s Lumbini has long anchored the Buddhist pilgrimage map as the Buddha’s birthplace. Nearby, however, stand the fortified ruins of Tilaurakot – believed to be the ancient capital where Siddhartha Gautam spent his princely years – a site of profound historical weight that draws only a fraction of the visitors.
A newly unearthed temple could change that, archaeologists say, offering fresh evidence that Tilaurakot once held far greater religious significance to Buddhists than its quiet present suggests.
The apsidal temple – distinguished by its semicircular rear wall – was uncovered within the ancient citadel and is believed to date from between the third and fifth centuries AD. Researchers say it is the first structure of its kind identified in Nepal.[. . .]
The ruins, comprising a citadel measuring 500 metres (1,560 feet) by 400 metres (1,310 feet), were first identified as the likely site of the Sakya capital by Indian archaeologist P.C. Mukherjee in 1899. Excavations have since revealed ancient roads, shrines, pottery, terracotta figurines, stone objects and silver and copper coins dating back to around the third century BC.
“Tilaurakot is a special place for Buddhists,” said Daya Ram Gautam, a scholar of Buddhist philosophy and campus chief at the Lumbini Buddhist University. “This is where Siddhartha Gautam spent 29 years of his life and returned after becoming Buddha to deliver his sermon about a year after his enlightenment".' They argue the discovery, announced last week, adds to evidence that Tilaurakot was not only a political centre of the Sakya kingdom but also an active site of Buddhist worship and pilgrimage. back

Eden Hynninen (2026_02_18), 'Thunderous applause' as vicarious liability laws pass Victoria's upper house, ' The Vicarious Liability Bill passed through Victoria's upper house unopposed yesterday, reversing a High Court decision that found the Catholic Church could not be sued for the actions of a priest. Lawyer Judy Courtin says it means a priest, Christian brother and possibly a volunteer can now be defined as "akin" or similar to an employee. What's next? Dr Courtin says means thousands of victim-survivors now have a chance at their day in court. Judy Courtin could hear church bells ringing in the distance as she stood outside Victorian parliament with around 50 victim-survivors of clergy abuse. The group was celebrating a significant milestone yesterday. The state upper house had just passed the Vicarious Liability Act unopposed, effectively reversing a High Court decision that meant churches in Victoria cannot be sued for the actions of one of its priests. Dr Courtin, a lawyer specialising in justice and accountability for victims of institutional child abuse, said the new law meant a priest, Christian brother and possibly a volunteer could now be defined as "akin" or similar to an employee. back

Georgia Phillips (2026_02_23), Desperate, intelligent, irreverent: in Big Kiss, Bye-Bye, Claire-Louise Bennett breaks up with illusions, ' In Burnt Norton, the opening section of T.S. Eliot’s Four Quartets, the poet moves down a passage “we did not take” and passes through a door “never opened” to arrive in a mythic rose garden. Here, in the thorny cradle of mournful innocence, a bird delivers the famous line:
humankind
Cannot bear very much reality.
That inability to “bear much reality” reverberates in Claire-Louise Bennett’s experimental new novel, Big Kiss, Bye-Bye.
The novel dissects the mind of a young woman reckoning with the psychological upheaval of a romantic separation. As the unnamed narrator grieves and reflects, she unpicks the patchwork of illusions that sustained her relationship with a peculiar elderly man named Xavier.
At the centre of this thrillingly interior work, almost entirely denuded of sentimentality, is the collision of these two deeply self-involved characters, both of whom are more wedded to their fantasies about one another than their actual selves. One of the most intriguing elements of the novel is witnessing their failure to connect in the middle point between their incongruent psychological worlds.
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Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. Initially, it comprised three constituent kingdoms—Germany, Italy, and, from 1032, Burgundy—held together by the emperor's overlordship. By the 15th century, imperial governance became concentrated in the Kingdom of Germany, as the empire's effective control over Italy and Burgundy had largely disappeared.
On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne Roman emperor, reviving the title more than three centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.' back

Marietjie Vente et al. (2025_02_24), COVID’s origins: what we do and don’t know, ' Hypothesis one: animals infected with SARS-CoV-2 passed the virus to humans
Most of the peer-reviewed scientific evidence supports this hypothesis.
Although they are too distantly related to SARS-CoV-2 to have been its direct progenitors, closely related ancestral strains have been found in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) in southeast Asia. A Betacoronavirus called RaTG13, which shares 96.1% of its genetic code with SARS-CoV-2, was identified in 2013 in China7. (Betacoronavirus is the genus to which SARS-CoV-2 belongs.) Another strain called BANAL-52, which shares 96.8% of its genetic code with SARS-CoV-2, was identified in 2020 in Laos8. This suggests that similar strains circulating in bats in China or southeast Asia might have spilled over to intermediate animal hosts or directly to humans.
We also know that the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan had a significant role in the early transmission and initial spread of the virus.
More than 60% of the known earliest human cases in December 2019 involved people who worked at the market, made purchases there, lived near it or had some other epidemiological link with it9. (At least 175 people were diagnosed with the disease, either through lab testing or on the basis of clinical symptoms before 1 January 2020.)
Two distinct genetic lineages of SARS-CoV-2 were identified in samples from early cases associated with the Huanan market, as well as from the environmental sampling of stalls and run-off water in drains at the market in January 2020. This supports the idea that the virus had already been evolving in animals before it reached the market.
Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) are susceptible to early strains of SARS-CoV-2.Credit: Getty Metagenomic sequencing of environmental samples collected at the market has indicated that several wildlife species had been there before it was cleaned and sterilized on 1 January 2020 by the Chinese authorities in response to the outbreak. These include raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), hoary bamboo rats (Rhizomys pruinosus) and palm civets (Paguma larvata), all of which are known to be susceptible to the early strains of SARS-CoV-211,12. These animals could have been the intermediate hosts that brought the virus to the market, leading to the early cases in humans11,12 — although it remains unclear whether the virus first infected humans at Huanan, or whether the spillover event occurred earlier, with the virus subsequently being carried to the market by infected humans or animals.
Adding to all this, there is no verified evidence of the existence of human or animal cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection anywhere else before December 2019. There were retrospective reports of one or two possible cases occurring in November 2019 in Italy and France, and of the virus being detected in a wastewater sample (also in November that year) in Brazil. But in all instances, the positive test results could not be confirmed by independent labs.' back

Martin Keat (2026_02_24), Why are the phrases ‘globalise the intifada’ and ‘from the river to the sea’ so contested?, ' In the aftermath of the Bondi terrorist attack at a Hanukkah celebration that killed 15 people, the New South Wales government is moving toward banning phrases it argues incite hatred. The Queensland government has said it would do the same.
Chief among these are “globalise the intifada” and “from the river to the sea”.
The meaning and intent of both of these phrases are hotly contested between the Jewish and Muslim communities and their supporters.
The main reason they are so contentious is because they form part of the broader debate over the legitimacy of Israel and Palestine, and whether they can or should exist simultaneously in a two-state solution.
On one side, proponents of these phrases say they are expressions of Palestinian nationalism and their right to equality, freedom and dignity. They indicate support for Palestinians’ right to self-determination and their right to resist Israel’s nearly 60-year occupation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem, known as the Occupied Palestinian Territories, which the International Court of Justice has ruled is illegal. [. . . ]
This brings us back to the central questions at the heart of the debate over these phrases.
Does support for the Palestinian people and Palestinian statehood, as expressed in these phrases, equate to the threat of violence against Israel as a state and an ideal, and against the Jewish people?
Or are they part of legitimate political debate about Palestinian self-determination?
As Australians, we face a stark choice about whether to criminalise these phrases. Favouring one side will only inflame tensions with the other. It will only entrench – not resolve – societal discord.
Charting a middle course based on democratic ideals will be difficult. Finding a way forward will require a level of political and moral courage from our leaders that has been sadly lacking since the current round of violence began more than two years ago.' back

Meinard Kuhlmann (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Quantum Field Theory, ' Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is the mathematical and conceptual framework for contemporary elementary particle physics. In a rather informal sense QFT is the extension of quantum mechanics (QM), dealing with particles, over to fields, i.e. systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. (See the entry on quantum mechanics.) In the last few years QFT has become a more widely discussed topic in philosophy of science, with questions ranging from methodology and semantics to ontology. QFT taken seriously in its metaphysical implications seems to give a picture of the world which is at variance with central classical conceptions of particles and fields, and even with some features of QM.' back

Paul Mozue & John Liu (2023_08_04), The Chip Titan Whose Life’s Work Is at the Center of a Tech Cold War, 'Chang recently pulled out an old book stamped with technicolor patterns. It was titled “Introduction to VLSI Systems,” a graduate-level textbook describing the intricacies of computer chip design. Mr. Chang, 92, held it up with reverence. “I want to show you the date of this book, 1980,” he said. The timing was important, he added, as it was “the earliest piece” in a puzzle that came together for him — altering not only his career but also the course of the global electronics industry. The insight that Mr. Chang gained from the textbook was deceptively simple: the idea that microchips, which act as the brains of computers, could be designed in one place but manufactured somewhere else. The notion went against the semiconductor industry’s standard practice at the time.' back

Richard Behiel, Electromagnetism as a Gauge Theory, ' "Why is electromagnetism a thing?" That's the question. In this video, we explore the answer given by gauge theory. In a nutshell, electromagnetism arises from local phase symmetry. But what does that mean, and how exactly does that work? That's what this video is all about!
This video is quite long and technical. Think of it as a video textbook, so you can skip around to different parts if you’d like. But I wanted to err on the side of rigor and thoroughness, to show comprehensively how local U(1) symmetry blossoms into electromagnetism. So the ideas are all there for you, but you don’t have to watch this in one sitting! ' back

Richard Feynman (1964), The Relation of Physics and Mathematics, ' This lecture was delivered by Richard P. Feynman in 1964 at Cornell University as part of 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘊𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘰𝘧 𝘗𝘩𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘓𝘢𝘸 series. The original recording was captured in black and white. This restored edition has been colorized using 𝘋𝘦𝘖𝘭𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘺, and the audio has been enhanced with Adobe AI 𝘌𝘯𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘚𝘱𝘦𝘦𝘤𝘩 v2 to improve clarity while preserving the authenticity of the original lecture. ▬▬ Source & Restoration Tools Original Video: https://dn721904.ca.archive.org/0/ite... Transcript: https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.e... DeOldify Video Colorizer: https://github.com/cyamahat/DeOldify_... Adobe AI Enhance Speech: https://podcast.adobe.com/en/enhance ▬▬ 🕒 Video Chapters: 00:00 - Restoration Preview (Original vs Remastered) 00:47 - Opening & Title Card 01:55 – Lecture by Richard P. Feynman 54:55 - Closing & End Credits back

Zsuzsanna Dancso (2026_02_26), Why you can’t tie knots in four dimensionsWhy you can’t tie knots in four dimensions, ' We can tie knots in three dimensions because one-dimensional ropes “catch on each other”. This is why a long rope wound around itself, if done right, won’t come apart. We trust knots with our lives when we’re sailing or climbing. [. . .]
But in four dimensions, knots would instantly come apart. We can understand why by using an example in fewer dimensions, like we did with cubes.
Imagine a colony of two-dimensional ants living on a flat surface divided by a line. The ants can’t cross the line: it’s an impassable barrier for them, and they don’t even know the other side of the line exists.
But if one day an ant, and its world, becomes three-dimensional, that ant will step over the line with ease. To step over, it needs to move just a tiny bit in the new, vertical direction.
A plane is divided by a line. One ant from the colony of flat ants has become three-dimensional and crossed the line.
Now, instead of an ant and a line on a flat surface, imagine a horizontal and a vertical piece of rope in three dimensions. These will catch on each other if pulled in opposite directions.
But if the space became four-dimensional, it would be enough for the horizontal piece of rope to move just a little bit in the new, fourth direction, to avoid the other entirely.' back

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