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Notes db 94 - Theory of Peace - 2026

Sunday 5 July 2026 - Saturday 11 July 2026

[page 197]

Sunday 5 July 2026

Quantocracy part I finishes with the fermion-boson qubit. Now we go on with the fundamental particles to construct the world we observe in Minkowski space, beginning with the eternal proton and the hadrons and the application of speical relativity, SLAC, etc to explore the interior of the proton, using this to discuss a consistent stable structure of form, agency and justice rooted in gravitation and the conservation of energy and the postulate consistency and symmetry with respect to complexity making reference to the Chinese paper and the omission of democracy and the violent evil of imperialism. People's Republic of China (2026_06_17): More just and equitable global governance: China’s principles, proposals and actions: China's State Council Information Office

We now go in the opposite direction via Dirac’s equation to the quantum mechanics underlying Minkowski space and we come across antimatter and spinors describing the properties of 3 space without really getting to photons except by developing Behiel’s electrodynamics which does not really have [anything[ to say about the actual origin of the metric in massless bosons [and] Minkowski space except its mathematical embodiment in covariant and contravariant vectors and the mathematical form of the metric. there is something missing in this electro magnetism as a gauge theory approach of Behiel’s in that it dos not explain the relationship of space and time. Dirac equation - Wikipedia, Richard Behiel: Electromagnetism as a gauge theory

So what’s the plan? Optimize activity over some time frame.

[page 198]

The first question that springs to mind is the role of the gamma matrices in stripping down the Schrödinger equation to make it relativistically palatable which raises an entropy question again, since the complexity of Minkowski space suggests that a new symmetry is broken to account for the greater apparent entropy of spacetime. Back to Cognitive cosmology page 20;space-time—the cosmic memory and operating system which somehow slipped out of view in the transformation to “Cognitive cosmogenesis: on moving theology to natural science”.

Some thinking to do here and we probably need to find another symmetry break to explain the massive multiplication of elementary particles brought about by realization [materialization] and individuation in spacetime, like multiplying the number of angels in each species by giving them bodies, another hint from Thomas. We ask google who had this idea and it says Thomas. Ask if Islamic theologians thought this [no answer]. Aquinas, Summa I, 50, 4: Is every angel a different species?

Monday 6 July 2026

A slogan: the universe is the indigenous Bible. The central point of the bible is love god (the whole) love your neighbour (fellow particle) and we understand love to be equivalent to communication, explicating the whole system as discrete individuals (fermions) and messages (bosons) and interpreting the participants as the creators of spacetime, the global playing field bounded by consistency. From this position of ‘principle’ we drive the output of quantocracy - freedom, agency and justice. A story in the background of lust-for-life, logically based on moral-algebra. This all

[page 199]

sounds good to me. Is it true, i.e. does it work? our fundamental law (the antithesis of imperialism) is you shall not kill. implemented, we would like to think, in protons. A primary question is the role of Minkowski space on the eternity of protons the structural l0gic of fermions and bosons, in particular quarks and gluons. What are the conditions of fermion / boson interaction that establish the metric of Minkowski space? Is this the question, the turning point in NY_quantum_symmetry_june2026?

The practical question is how do we deal with killers? control? rehabilitation? What do elementary particles do? The problem is the elimination of contradictions that imply the death or modification of one particle and by choice this may be the boson, ie change the message between the fermions. Insofar as gravitation is always attractive we have the possibility of black holes, the destruction of spacetime, the “ultraviolet catastrophe”. Our basic guide to all this is the way the world really works after 14 billion years of existence and our ability to understand this wilderness and make the best of it, not with fantastic dreams but with actual experience,the ‘indigenous compromise’. So what? Keep working, exploring.

Hannah Fair: pest control: always seeking optima, like Lagrange. Hannah Fair (2026_07_02): The joy of pests: study reveals why rat catchers are so happy in their work

Repeat last line of last page: optimize activity over time frame – for me the amount of life I have left with no real practical demands because I am cushioned by a somewhat undeserved pension, so do feel the need to repay with the only thing I have, knowledge and insight.

[page 200]

Cognitive cosmology page 20: “Theology as it currently exists must be completely rebuilt on physical, biological and political evidence to become a real science”.

“Insofar as mathematics is a creative, cognitive enterprise, we must also understand the Hilbert method of mathematics as the key to the process through which the universe creates itself: cognitive cosmogenesis. It is not just a user of mathematics, it is a maker of mathematics. We might ask where is the arithmetic in a bag of beans? Cantor answered this by creating one to one correspondence between beans and the elements of sets. using sets, he created arithmetic. Georg Cantor - Wikipedia

Angels and the no cloning theorem. Space-time and no cloning create the multiplicity io identical fermions all [of each species] represented by a common quantum vector, ie the emergence of spacetime is related to Aristotle’s concept of individuation and this is in fact the negation of no the cloning theorem in pure Hilbert space to the multiplication of individual fermions in Minkowski space, an enormous increase in the entropy of the universe brought out by the fact that permutation of fermions in Minkowski space inverts the wave function [why?]. Feynman, Leighton & Sands FLP III:04: Identical Particles

Quantum mechanics is linear and the attribution of energy from the bifurcation of gravitation is also linear, potential and kinetic energy adding up to zero. Quantum mechanics works by linear algebra and the matrix representing the Minkowski metric is linear [but the base states of a linear space may be elements of a polynomial, meaning what?? The mass shell is a sort of polynomial]. On the other hand dealings within

[page 201]

the mass shell are quadratic, as represented in both space and time in the Klein-Gordon equation whereas the Schrödinger equation is a hybrid with linear time [like quantum mechanics] and quadratic momentum [something new!]. Klein-Gordon equation - Wikipedia

Dirac’s faith in quantum mechanics rather than relativity led him to seek the square root of the Schrödinger momentum operator which yielded a significant step forward. We may see the transformation from linear quantum mechanics to quadratic Minkowski space as implemented by observable particles [creating] Minkowski space [Aristotle, “place” τοπος]. Wicksteed & Cornford (1986): Aristotle, Physics books I-IV

Dirac’s decision to take the square root of the momentum operator had the effect of [somewhat] undoing the transformation from quantum mechanics to [Minkowski] space insofar as it exposed the existence of fermions, anti-particles and spinors, and we might understand the role of the gamma matrices as subtracting enough entropy from the quadratic mass shell to linearize it back to quantum mechanics. This little story seems to be the key to the interface between linear Hilbert space and quadratic Minkowski space.

The other part of the story is related to angels and quantum no-cloning. We can guess that in quantum mechanics there is only one state vector which describes the 3D model of the electron proposed by Qiu, the electron angel. On the other hand, this angel once it has been materializd by the acquisition of energy it [they] became exclusive and each creates its own little bit of spacetime and keeps others out so that we find any visible lump of matter like me is a construct of trillions or trillions of trillions ... of electrons etc. We have to fit these two stories together. All electrons are identical

[page 202]

because they all represent the concrete realization of the same state vector, the soul of the electron just as (in a close approximation) their DNA is a physical representation of a person’s soul, to be duplicated every tine a cell divides. We might see the creation of physical fermions and bosons as analogous to this and we get the idea that every fermion contains a set of relevant bosons just as every living being carries a set of symbols which it can transmit and reveive. Qiu-Hong Hu (2005_12_29): The nature of the electron

Feynman III_04 Identical particles + I_41, Brownian Movement and I_42 Applications of Kinetic Theory.

Feynman I_39:

These problems are so complicated that even an elementary understanding, although inaccurate and incomplete, is worthwhile having, and so the subject will be one we shall go over and over again, each time with more and more accuracy, as we go through our course in physics. . . . We shall take the atomic viewpoint from the beginning and use it to understand the various properties of matter and the laws of thermodynamics.

I_40: Statistical mechanics is about states of thermal equilibium. ½ kT per degree of freedom.

III_04:

If a process involves two particles that are identical, reversing which one arrives is an alternative which cannot be distinguished and like all cases that cannot be distinguished – interferes with the original unexchanged case. The amplitude of a event is then the sum of the two interfering amplitudes, but interestingly enough, the interference is in same case with the same phase and in others with the opposite phase.

[page 203]

Fig 4.1; This is happening in Minkowski space.

Alpha particle is 4 fermions - 1 bose particle. We cannot give a elementary explanation for fermions being −, bosons +. Has it got anything to do with mass? Is the explanation deep down in relativistic quantum mechanics? If so it must have something to do with Minkowski space. How do the particles know? Is it in their DNA, ie the wave functions which from a Nyquist-Shannon POV may be seen as a string of bits, ie orthogonal vectors in Hilbert space. Also we are talking about “scattering” in spacetime. Time to go back to Duck and Sudarshan. Ian Duck and E.C.G. Sudarshan (1998): Toward an understanding of the spin-statistics theorem

Tuesday 7 July 2026

We have great faith in the Dirac equation, but does it fit reality? Do the gamma matrices violate the heuristic of simplicity, as though he started on the wrong track and the industry has stayed there ever since with radically misapplied mathematics which does not really fit the underlying particulate reality? Einstein was right with his continuous, complete, convex Gaussian space with a somewhat complex [Minkowski] metric but the singularity is a particle and all its children are particles represented by [orthogonal] vectors in Hilbert space selected by fixed point theory. All these derived images of chaos in Minkowski space may be delusions createed by misunderstanding of the underlying reality, like accountants misunderstanding the actual flows of value in a corporate entity [deceived, eg by fake accounts].

So first we start with a good story and then apply the maths – fundamental particle logically defined by Hilbert formalism and all other particle images formed by fixed point theory as Hilbert bases. Why not?

[page 204]

Spin Statistics Duck and Sudarshian.

I suppose I am a practitioner of the ‘fake it until you make it’ algorithm, deeply impressed by the payoff of the fake stories (backed by economic and military force) which have paid off so magnifcently for the practitioners of the world religions.

D &S: Trying to improve on Feynman’s comment on spin and statistics.

This may give us a bit of deeper insight into the relationship of Hilbert and Minkowski space and our fundamental boson / fermion qubit which explains the origin of Minkowski space [by introducing energy harvested from gravitation by quantum mechanics, the foundation of the mass shell whose total energy content is 0, like the whole universe] all with a view to identifying the features of quantum mechanics to be applied through symmetry with respect to complexity to human affairs.

Feynman says of spin-statistics: ‘[our inability to explain it] probably means that we do not have a complete understanding of the fundamental principles involved.’ [Maybe symmetry breaking in the variational path to increasing entropy.’

D&S page 254: Dirac equation; spin ½; Klein-Gordon: spin 1. Why do anticommutating particles exist (p. 285) - must have half integral spin and 3 + 1 spacetime. Or, from the opposite point of view, fermions are the cause of 3 + 1 spacetime, of better, fermions and bosons, i.e. the fundamental qubit.

Pauli exclusion: no more than on particle per quantum mechanical state - IN MINKOWSKI SPACE, i.e is it a quantum thing or a spacetime thing [in Hilbert space without the spacetime individualization of vectors, two copies of a vector is simply the same vector]. It is a consequence of giving energy to a “fermion state’.

D&F page 285:

The prexisting proofs of SST have been encumered by formulations using the full formalism of relativistic quantum field theory. This turns out to be unnecessarily complicated. Following

[page 205]

work done by Schwinger and Sudarshan the proof of the SST is reduced to a few bar essentials which are captured in elementary QM - extended to include Pauli spinors of half integral spin supplemented by one essential feature of relativistic theory.

D&S part D, page 298.

Let us say that symmetry breaking is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. We think that this law is not causal but ‘observational’ and that one reason for its existence is a search for equilibrium which tends to decrease outliers in either direction. Perhaps the answer to this spin-statistics question is that it is a realized possibility [like a genetic change] that gives us spacetime and positive and negative energy in the form of fermions and bosons. The exclusion principle enables fermions to multiply and the parallel creation or bosons balances the energy of the fermions to establish conservation of energy and justice. The symmetry breaking of gravitation into kinetic and potential energy lays the foundation for a massive increase in entropy. So we can phrase my whole book in terms of entropy and energy and the source of entropy may be fake it until you make it, ie the foundation of evolution and natural selection.

[page 206]

Wednesday 8 July 2026

I am having my morning dose of Cartesian doubt. Cartesian doubt - Wikipedia

I have got plenty of clear and distinct ideas, but do they prove anything? All that I can claim is that I have been going in the right direction if my ideas feel better than those of the physicists and theologians I am questioning. My only firm ground is Popper’s falsification and there are clear revisions necessary in theology and, I think, in physics. Karl Raimond Popper (1972): Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge

The ideas in physics are coming quite thick and fast as I try to clean up the index to L4L and the draft of quantocracy and I can see that I must take my time to shape the websites leading to my next book, lust-or-life and moral-algebra. The core of this story, as it has been since about 2000 is the relationship between Hilbert and Minkowski space as it is framed in the concept that the universe is divine, ie omnipotent in Aquinas’s definition, limited only by consistency and formally in Hilbert’s sense also limited only by consistency with the very helpful discoveries of Gödel and Turing which show that consistency does not rule out uncertainty, thereby [enabling] quantum mechanics and evolution.

My days are spent going over and over these ideas trying to suck more juice out of them. Juice, aka lubricant is what enabls the world to go round, and it appears to be embodied in inertial spacr where the planets reolve, with the tweaks like the perihelion of Mercury and the ultimate ‘[ultraviolet] ‘catastrophe’ of black holes.

So that is the preface for today. What will be the next bit of progress toward the solution to all my problems? More to the point, what is the current problem? Fixed point theory and the formal increase of entropy are good. The fun lies in the bifurcation of gravitation through which we harvest energy to turn formal angels into sexy bodies

[page 207]

feeding energy into the mass shell.

[And note here (as a newly observed aside) that Einstein gravitation is built on Minkowski space which is in a sense complex, so it may not be surprising that the bases created in the Aquinas–Einstein symmetry by fixed point theory are the product of complex functions mapping the initial symmetry onto itself.]

[back to the text] Look at Behiel’s deriving the Dirac equation. Begin with Klein-Gordon to get from Schrödinger (non relativistic) to Dirac (relativistic). K-G [fails to] capture the spin of the electron [a handy source of another bit of entropy].

Then go to Dirac’s concerns with K-G. Start with mass shell in Minkowski space (mc)2 = (E/c)2 - Pn2. Where does 3D P come from? Fermion exclusion. Energy - momentum - mass ≡ angelic bodies. Richard Behiel (c): Deriving the Klein Gordon Equation

2’ 40”: The trick is to write the energy and momentum terms in the quantum operators in Minkowski space ≡ mass shell. This is where the quadratic stuff enters [and, it seems, the introduction of differential operators from calculus is inappropriate because Minkowski space in not continuous excepts in the large numbers approximation].

3’ 35”: Assemble KG equation from the statements of quantum operators in mass shell, i.e. post hoc (KG) therefore propter hoc - how does adding energy to form make this happen? Energy is a sequence of actions (i.e. time ≡ waves) therefore it “executes” the [Hilbert] form in the computational sense, ie Minkowski space is the execution of Hilbert space, ie natural quantum computation which I have been sort of saying since Feynman 1980 so now it is in clear language. Richard P. Feynman (1981): Simulating Physics with Computers

The difference between ‘natural quantum computation’ and the sort of quantum computation that the googles of this world are attempting revolves around the “measurement problem”. Nature uses the full entropy of the natural linear action whereas the computer mob are plagued by decoherence because they wash to select one ‘decoherence free subspace’ to execute a particular operation. Measurement problem - Wikipedia, Decoherence-free subspaces - Wikipedia

The whole business of quantum mechanics in Minkowski spade is executed by applying differential operators to wave functions on the understanding that these functions in Minkowski space are continuous which they are not, they are quantized, as von Neumann points out. Here we have

[page 207]

the fundamental error of quantum field theory which leads to the Born rule and all the associated shenanigans developed by Feynman?

[notes on Behiel]

[. . .]

Introduces the D’almbertian ⧠

[. . .]

The day’s take: energy = sequence of quanta = executes Hilbert vector as software, doing the same thing as the ribosome in a cell. [does it need any special mechanism? Just superposition maybe. Ribosome - Wikipedia

[. . .]

22’: Massless KG wave packet travels at c.

23’: Dirac’s problem with KG.

29’: KG postulates positive energy and negative energy mass shells

[page 209]

to deal with positive and negative energy particles (introduced by complex numbers) i.e. calculation shows increasing momentum → less energy. Dirac equation also has this problem [which is attributed to anti-particles].

30’ : Real answer, according to me, is that KG shows that boson energy is potential and therefore negative, so fermion-boson split preserves the zero energy of the universe [locally, and explains the precise conservation of energy].

31’, 32’: Second Dirac critique: It is second order in time whereas Schrödinger is first order. Second order opens the derivative as a new degree of freedom, the rate of change of ψ, which becomes an initial condition. This is Dirac’s fundamental problem with KG Here we are learning a lot about the role of complex numbers in QM.

33’: KG gives negative probabilities - severely upset Dirac [who never got to explain to Bohr why he did not like KG].

40’: Final Dirac problem: KG only applies to spin 0, contradicting Stern-Gerlach experiment. Does no give electron spin. Stern-Gerlach experiment - Wikipedia

44’30”: Dirac 1927: Worried about KG but other physicists did not; he thought QM had to be right [video clip of D explaining how KG destroys the beauty of QM]. He needed a radical change and eventually found it [although Dirac equation still treats QM operators as continuous in Minkowski space.

Behiel: Deriving the Dirac equation. Richard Behiel (2023_11_21): Deriving the Dirac Equation

3’: Key to Dirac equation is to take the square root of the mass shell, making it linear like quantum mechanics.

10’: Answer lies in gamma matrices to zero out the cross terms in the square root. [looks like a mathematical fudge not representing reality, but it works quite well even if it is not the real answer].

If we translate Hilbert space directly into spaetime we

[page 210]

end up with the square root of the mass shell corresponding to the linearity of Hilbert space. The question then arises why is the quantum square rooted, the mass shell squared in Minkowski space. This suggests added entropy is converting quantum vectors into energetic particles. Fermions fit the ‘positive’ mass shell and bosons fit the negative mass shell. Fermions exclude; bosons don’t.

[. . .]

13’20”: Dirac equation is lke a flattened Klein-Gordon equation

13’45”: The 4D gamma matrices mean (?) that the Dirac wave function must have 4 components, representing spin up and down electron, spin up and down positron. [Why does KG equation only have one component wave function?].

Or maybe ψ3 and ψ4 represent potential, negative energy. Now we need an essay on the transition from Hilbert to Minkowski space [since in the old days Hilbert space was written on Minkowski space so it seemed natural for the results to be in the mass shell, but now that we have made Hilbert space primary, we need some detail about the conversion from one space to the other. This problem seems fairly minor to the problems raised by the subjection of Hilbert space to Lornteuz transformations.

Dirac equation for a particle at rest. Since it at rest it has no spatial components of momentum. Richard Behiel (d): Dirac Equation: Free Particle at Rest (solution to Dirac Equation)

[. . .]

Here we are saying that the negative parts of the mass shell represent positive energy positrons. Is this right? [We can be pretty sure that positrons are relatively scarce in the universe so that from this point of view the negative side of the mass shell would be very much smaller than the positive side. Maybe the negative (potential) energy corresponds to bosons, much more popular that antiparticles (apart from antineutrinos).

Need another look at Behiel Electromagnetism as a gauge theory. Richard Behiel

[page 211]

[. . .]

All measurements on electrons give spin up or spin down i.e. it is a decoherence free subspace?

[. . .]

Are bosons anti-fermions, one positive the other negative energy moving in two different directions in time. Are there antibosons, antigluons?

Le Carre The Secret Pilgrim page 65: Let me tell you something. It is very dangerous to play with reality

Thursday 9 July 2026

Reading Le Carre I am reminded how incomprehensibly wrong a large proportion of the human species have gone in the

[page 212]

age of imperialism when both theology and physics have grown up in an era when military violence is the dominant criterion of truth and the reality of the world and ourselves is ignored by killing it whenever it intrudes on the progress of power. My book has almost inadvertently put a finger on this with the ideas prefigured in quantocracy and its natural follower moral-algebra. I must work again to capture this evil in the abstract to lust-for-life and then preach the word of my particulate saviour, John von Neumann.

From the physical point of view the error was embodied from the start by the doctrine of continuity implicit in effect in the interpretation of the ancient pythagorian theorem which produced a formal solution to Zeno’s paradoxes by inventing continuity. Aristotle pushed back with his concept of things and place but we see the whole of physics, beginning with the genius Dirac, applying calculus blindly to Minkowski space without realizing that it is composed of discrete particles as indicated by the relationship Δx . Δp ≈ ΔE . Δt ≈ ℏ

So where do I have to begin? An easy entry is the politics of war and imperialism, but my natural approach is through individuality, particularity and the theory of communication as laid out by Shannon and von Neumann, represented by the string of symbols by which I am trying to capture my new vision of the one god represented by the initial symmetry [since the conditions for the operation of fixed point their define the particulate space in which the mapping function must operate]. I must keep trying to capture it in lust-for-life and laying the foundation in moral-algebra whose bible, for the time being, is the work of John le Carre, hands down my favourite author [after Thomas] aka David John Moore Cornwall, 1932_10_14 to 2020_12_12. The Secret Pilgrim:George Smiley.

A letter to the three known readers of my book (Three_readers_Dec2025).

1. A political history of political and military power embedded in Church and state — the military conspiracy coipled with the H bomb.

2. Indigenous control of the exponential power of reproduction

3. The role of ‘pornography’ in separating love from reproduction and the ultraviolet catastrophe - eg the Church in Africa.

So back to Behiel Electromagnetism as a gauge theory (DB 93 Theological Genocide pp 207 sqq.)

EM video 15’: Dirac equation unites quantum mechanics and special relativity. NO, it completely ignores the “quantum” in quantum mechanics and it is a blatant application of calculus to linear algebra where it does not belong. Hilbert space, with orthogonal bases and all orthogonal vectors, is not compatible with calculus. General relativity [written on a differentiable gaussian, continuous, complete, complex, convex manifold] works only in the structureless initial singularity. Brouwer fixed-point theorem - Wikipedia, Albert Einstein (1915): The Field Equations of Gravitation

I have a few bits and pieces, but still not a story. I have got from Aquinas–Einstein symmetry to the boson-fermion duality. This, on observing itself, will produce a fermion or a boson and realize them as particles, perhaps an electron or a photon, perhaps the inaugural proton. We leave this to chance and imagine that it is possible, along with the other members of the elementary group, rather like the appearance of the first life form in biological evolution, and we suppose that a feedback loop between Hilbert and Minkowski space creates a rapid increase in energy and entropy which we could call a big bang. The |fermion⟩ and |boson⟩ are subspaces in a much bigger space which could by chance produce both elementary and composite particles. The

[page 214]

details, like the detailed genome of a primitive bacterium or a rabbit, will grow by variation and selection, stabilized by Minkowski space. This has reduced the 13 steps to 3+

le Carre page 172: ‘Retirement is no time to be wandering lost, or puzzling how to invent mankind.

Friday 10 July 2026

Market goes well for a change; writing not so; but without actually knowing how it works (as is the case of biological evolution examined bitwise) we can nevertheless feel confident with the evolution of the Hilbert / Minkowski interface with the Minkowski providing the individuation and differentiation necessary to multiply stable Hilbert forms as reproduction multiplies stable genetic forms [establishing a very close analogy between fundamental and biological evolution]. This is basically the insight I have relied on since 2000ish to justify my cognitive approach to fundamental physics. Need to read LADWrong a bit more for insight into the idea that hermitian operators select real vectors out of complex processes by superposing vectors with their complex conjugates, the core of renormalization. Hermitian matrix - Wikipedia, Sergei Treil (2026_01_21): Linear Algebra Done Wrong

This development of real vectors is the reason for the existence of so called ‘hidden information’ explained by Nielsen and Chuang and maybe explains why some of the fundamental misunderstanding of quantum mechanics surrounding the hype in quantum computation motivated by the belief that decoherence can be conquered, revealing and operationalizing the hidden information.

[page 215]

Zurek: “in short, we shall describe how decoherence converts quantum entanglement into classical correlations and how thus correlations can be used by an observer for the purpose of prediction.” Wojciech H. Zurek (1998_08_15): Decoherence, einselection and the existential interpretation (the rough guide)

The culprit which made it impossible to classicality as a limiting case was at the very foundation of the quantum edifice: it was the quantum principle of superpositionIt guarantees that any superposition of quantum states is a legal quantum state. This introduced a whole Hilbert space of possibilities with only a small fraction of states in Hilbert space which could be associated with classically observable states and the superposition of such states are flagrantly non-classical. Moreover, the number of possible non-classical states in Hilbert space increases exponentially with dimensionality while the number of classical stats increases only linearly. This divergence (which is perhaps the key ingredient responsible for the exponential speedup of quantum computation) is a measure of the problem . . .

The more I think about this stuff the further out I get. It is all built on the ‘hidden information’ in ψ = α|1⟩ + β|0⟩ where α and β csn only have the orthogonal values 0 and 1.

“ ‘Copenhagen interpretation’ forced quantum theory to depend on classical theory for its very existence”.

“with the collapse looming in the quantum mechanical border there was little chance of a seamless extension”.

“Everett resuscitated quantum theory as a key tool in its own interpretation”.

[page 216]

“Decoherence is a process of continuous measurement-like iteraction between a system and its environment. Its effect is to invalidate the superposition principle in the Hilbert space of a open system.”

“pointer state” = entangled state.

[. . .]

Equality ≡ equal entropy ≡ equal genotype [holds also for complexity of Hilbert vectors].

Donald is a childish fuckwit, as all children more or less are and they need parents aware of the full entropy of humanity to guide them, what we call elders, and I am, in age and experience and elder so I feel a certain duty to provide a circle of consistency to children to fit them into the universe which is the soul of our [indigenous] religion. Slowly coming to appreciate the role I have always had as a very juvenile elder, knowing instinctively that the system was wrong, an imperial life force forced upon us intellectually by thee Roman Catholic Church snd physically by the Roman Empire and all its ancient precedents and modern successors. Now I know space is a product of its contents and the controls of human space is all of us defined fundamentally by a common genome. I am going for the Einstein role, intellectual, almost correct and considered radically radical, taking us into new territory, a new world beyond the old and familiar, the divine world brought down to earth, a modern Aristotle to an ancient Plato, Christianity and salvation by sacrifice.

Saturday 1 July 2026

Where am I going? Am I ready to commit to the eternal proton as the foundation of the world? I have abandoned in fallible, ephemeral imperial Catholicism but retained the Christianity of Jesus and am now also inclined to the Tao, to Confucius and Buddha? Is this my path forward. Certainly th proton is a fixed point in evolution and we ned something to replace Wilczek’s dreams, impossible dreams, and the error of continuous field theory. The proton has emerged as the eternal image of the initial singularity. What does it teach us through its stable complexity. What can the heuristic of simplicity teach us about it. The duality of fermion and boson, the residual triplicity in fermions, eg neutrinos, electrons and gluons. How do these ingredients make an eternal web? How to fit the Montesquieu model of governance, [separation of powers]? I need a new picture to carry me ahead,

When out on a limb, go further. Somewhere in my youth was a tree where if one went far enough the limb would droop down to the next onE and you could grab it and descend the tree that way. Was that true, or just a fantasy. I do not remember ever being hurt.

Now I m back to Wilczek not so must to criticize (which started my rejection of field theory in about 2017) as to pick out good data for my story of the proton, eg QCD Lagrangian and Behiel strong nuclear force as a gauge theory parts 1-5. A week’s work, but getting close to moral-algebra.

[page 218]

Behiel Strong Nuclear Force as a Gauge Theory Part 1: Quarks. Richard Behiel (2025_08_07): Behiel Strong Nuclear Force as a Gauge Theory Part 1: Quarks.

Four more parts. Sequel to EM as a gauge field.

There we see that the U(1) symmetry group gives rise to the photon field and the Lagrangian of QED = we might see this as entropically impossible because the U(1) group is in effect one loop of the complex plane, carrying one bit of information [or as a 2π continuum carrying an infinite amount of information; anyhow, go on. “All that that blossoms out of the local U(1) symmetry” [i.e. ‘local’ requires bosons to communicate between the fermions].

Now we go into SU(3) an conclude that the strog nuclear force is going to become gluon fields and Lagrangian of QD, ie strong nuclear, is SU(3). You wish! “No one knows where the symetries come from! They are there from the beginning, [in the radial symmetry of Hilbert space in the initial symmetry].

We will finish with the whole Lagrangian of QCD [should the simpler U(1) come first? But it does not have the stability of the proton? [electrons, photons and neutrinos are also stable, but protons appear to be somewhat indestctible, like the hydra head].

Standard model gauge group SU(3) colour, SU(2)L LH weak isospin, U(1)γ hypercharge. SU(2) + U(1) is electroweak sector and Higgs field and I have to learn all this and replace it with the Hilbert quantum mechanical picture as we go along. Of course all this stuff assumes the existence of Minkowski space. We construct that from gluon/fermion duality.

He says Higgs breaks electroweak sector down to U(1) that we observe, cf. superconductivity and the Higgs field. Chris Quigg (2013): Gauge Theories of the Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic Interactions: Second Edition, David Griffiths (2008): Introduction to Elementary Particles

[page 219]

Q: “How am I going to handle all this in my senility?” A. Stay young. Heuristic of simplicity will help me cut through the bullshit to get to the proton and the atom.

Higgs field superconducting condensate throughout spacetime.

Bought Quigg, financed by pension advance.

Behiel 9’54”: “the electron’s wave function has to be continuous and smooth [periodic complex exponential?] which implies that there is a complete set of energy eigenstates”.

Why should we expect the nucleus of an atom to be weird?

Atom 10^-10 metre, nucleus 10^-15 metre. Grain of rice in a stadium.

Colour confinement RGB =white. Can’t separate colours systems always colour neutral.

We want a natural explanation for colour confinement with complex mathematics [how does it relate to Hilbert space: a bit like inertial Symmetry?]

Spin &frac32; Δ baryons - resonances [very short lives].

“Spin-statistics absolute foundation of physics” (?). Colour is new degree of freedom [forced by spin-statistics? or vice versa?]

Anti-green anti-quark → π meson.

Pi mesons bind protons and neutrons in a nucleus overcoming electrstatic repulsion. 3 generations of fermions.Hadrons xplained by quarks bound by gluons.

No visible proton decay, life at mast 10^40+ sec.Pseufo scalar mesons spin 0. Vector mesons spin 1.

Colour: The lagrangian is the sum of colour lagrangians. Wave unction is sum of colour wav functions. Multiple different wave functions, independent and superposed, written in Minkowski space.

How do we make invariant Lagrangian from various colour mixes: givn local SU(30 symmetry we make Lagrangian as Lagrangian of strong forcr. What w want are 3 x 3 complex valued matrices such that det U = 1, and U†U = I. In pure QM matrix is global; in Minkowski space it is local.

[page 220]

So local gauge transformations need bosons to keep the accounting right [rails the same distance apart].

The plan is really to make the construction of the universe so simple that even a Hilbert space could do it using nothing more than compl numbers and superposition.

The outstanding feature of my career is that I have never had a useful collaborator. I now know three people who have read and liked my book, but now that I am in the midst of composing the sequel I s=am completely alone [apart from the internet and hundreds of books] building on foundations I laid in the book but getting further and further from the standard centre. Having completely rejected the Catholic doctrine of salvation I am now settling into the idea that the world that made us is the agency that also saves us so that w have to become indigenous to our world and treat it like a loving parent, learning from it and caring for it in an understanding and responsive manner as we see in the natural sciences of energy and the minimization of pollution and waste.

My new program now for creating the world has pivoted to the eternity of the proton at the same time as my rejection of quantum field theory has consolidated so I am faced with the lonely task of remodelling quantum chromodynamics on the cognitive model. I have taken two significant steps, one applying from an advance on my pension (1700$) and two buying a serious textbook on gauge theory, even though I know that applying calculus to Hilbert space is a possible mistakebut the most cognitive approach is through wave mchanics, linear algebra and the eigenvalue equation interpreted as linguistics and the unitary theory of communucation, thinking in terms of rhe interface etween Hilbert and Minkowski, treating the world as my bible. So I want

[page 221]

to hear what my new god has to say about the proton and all its family. I am going it alone but the result, if I succeed will be creative enough to be very powerful and I would like it to have the same power is the parable of the good Samaritan.

In spacetime locality = messengers [internet]. In Hilbert space locality = superposition [living together] so in QCD stability of proton ≡ closure of set of quarks and gluons + photons + mesons.

copyright:

you may copy this material freely provided only that you quote fairly and provide a link (or reference) to your source.

Further reading

Books

Griffiths (2008), David, Introduction to Elementary Particles, 2008 ' In the second, revised edition of a well-established textbook, the author strikes a balance between quantitative rigor and intuitive understanding, using a lively, informal style. The first chapter provides a detailed historical introduction to the subject, while subsequent chapters offer a quantitative presentation of the Standard Model. A simplified introduction to the Feynman rules, based on a "toy" model, helps readers learn the calculational techniques without the complications of spin. It is followed by accessible treatments of quantum electrodynamics, the strong and weak interactions, and gauge theories. New chapters address neutrino oscillations and prospects for physics beyond the Standard Model. The book contains a number of worked examples and many end-of-chapter problems. A complete solution manual is available for instructors.' 
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Popper (1972), Karl Raimund, Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, Routledge and Kegan Paul 1972 Preface: 'The way in which knowledge progresses, and expecially our scientific knowledge, is by unjustified (and unjustifiable) anticipations, by guesses, by tentative solutions to our problems, by conjectures. These conjectures are controlled by criticism; that is, by attempted refutations, which include severely critical tests.' [p viii]  
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Quigg (2013), Chris, Gauge Theories of the Strong, Weak, and Electromagnetic Interactions: Second Edition , Princeton UP 013 ' This completely revised and updated graduate-level textbook is an ideal introduction to gauge theories and their applications to high-energy particle physics, and takes an in-depth look at two new laws of nature--quantum chromodynamics and the electroweak theory. From quantum electrodynamics through unified theories of the interactions among leptons and quarks, Chris Quigg examines the logic and structure behind gauge theories and the experimental underpinnings of today's theories. Quigg emphasizes how we know what we know, and in the era of the Large Hadron Collider, his insightful survey of the standard model and the next great questions for particle physics makes for compelling reading. The brand-new edition shows how the electroweak theory developed in conversation with experiment. Featuring a wide-ranging treatment of electroweak symmetry breaking, the physics of the Higgs boson, and the importance of the 1-TeV scale, the book moves beyond established knowledge and investigates the path toward unified theories of strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions. 
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Wicksteed (1986), P H, and F M Cornford, (translators), Aristotle, Physics books I-IV, Harvard University Press, William Heinemann 1986 ' Aristotle, great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at Stagirus in 384 BC, was the son of a physician. He studied under Plato at Athens and taught there (367–347); subsequently he spent three years at the court of a former pupil in Asia Minor. After some time at Mitylene, in 343–342 he was appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be tutor of his teen-aged son Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336, Aristotle became head of his own school (of “Peripatetics”), the Lyceum at Athens. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander’s death in 323, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.' 
Amazon
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Links

Albert Einstein (1915), The Field Equations of Gravitation, 'By that, the general theory of relativity as a logical building is eventually finished. The relativity postulate in its general form that makes the space-time coordinates to physically meaningless parameters, is directed with stringent necessity to a very specific theory of gravitation that explains the perihelion motion of mercury. However, the general relativity postulate offers nothing new about the essence of the other natural processes, which wasn't already taught by the special theory of relativity. My opinion regarding this issue, recently expressed at this place, was erroneous. Any physical theory equivalent to the special theory of relativity, can be included in the general theory of relativity by means of the absolute differential calculus, without that the latter gives any criterion for the admissibility of that theory. f' back

Aquinas, Summa I, 50, 4, Is every angel a different species?, ' . . . such things as agree in species but differ in number, agree in form, but are distinguished materially. If, therefore, the angels be not composed of matter and form, as was said above (Article 2), it follows that it is impossible for two angels to be of one species; just as it would be impossible for there to be several whitenesses apart, or several humanities, since whitenesses are not several, except in so far as they are in several substances.' back

Bradshaw, Russell, Nitschke, Ulm & Ingrey, Sydney’s 1789 smallpox epidemic came from the First Fleet and killed up to 220,000 Indigenous Australians: new research, ' In April 1789, the first smallpox epidemic among Aboriginal people in the Sydney region began, just 16 months after Europeans arrived on the First Fleet.
Little is known of the true scale of the epidemic, and historians have sometimes argued it was not caused by the newcomers.
In new research published in Nature Human Behaviour, we used modelling of smallpox transmission and the connections between Indigenous societies to understand how it could have spread.
The results strongly suggest the disease did come from the British outpost. What’s more, it might have spread thousands of kilometres north and west, lasting decades and killing as many as 220,000 Aboriginal people.[. . .] For Indigenous peoples around the world, smallpox was one of the most devastating diseases introduced by Europeans. The disease was a major driver of the catastrophe that killed countless Native Americans from Canada to Tierra del Fuego after the arrival of Spanish and Portuguese in the 16th century.
Smallpox caused fever, severe illness, and high death rates, especially in Indigenous populations with no previous exposure. Survivors were left with severe scarring. ' back

Brouwer fixed-point theorem - Wikipedia, Brouwer fixed point theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Brouwer's fixed-point theorem is a fixed-point theorem in topology, named after L. E. J. (Bertus) Brouwer. It states that for any continuous function f mapping a nonempty compact convex set to itself, there is a point x0 such that f(x0) = x0. The simplest forms of Brouwer's theorem are for continuous functions from a closed interval I in the real numbers to itself or from a closed disk D to itself. A more general form than the latter is for continuous functions from a nonempty convex compact subset K of Euclidean space to itself.' back

Candlelight/Fever, Candlelight: Long Live the Rock Legends, back

Cartesian doubt - Wikipedia, Cartesian doubt - Wikipedia, the free enyclopdia, ' Cartesian doubt is a systematic process of being skeptical about (or doubting) the truth of one's beliefs, which has become a characteristic method in philosophy.: 403  Additionally, Descartes' method has been seen by many as the root of the modern scientific method. This method of doubt was largely popularized in Western philosophy by René Descartes, who sought to doubt the truth of all beliefs in order to determine which he could be certain were true. It is the basis for Descartes' statement, "Cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). A fuller version of his phrase: "dubito ergo cogito, cogito ergo sum" translates to "I doubt therefore I think, I think therefore I exist." Sum translated as "I exist" (per various Latin to English dictionaries) presents a much larger and clearer meaning to the phrase.' back

Chow Chung-yan (2026_06_26), How Chinese philosophy influenced US founding fathers, ' From the Mandate of Heaven to the ‘pursuit of happiness’, the US and China share a rich intellectual tradition of ethical governance [. . .] “Founding Father, Benjamin Franklin, published the sayings of Confucius in his colonial newspaper and today’s sculpture recognising that ancient Chinese age is carved into the face of the United States Supreme Court very proudly,” said US President Donald Trump in Beijing last month.
It took two-and-a-half centuries for an American president to explicitly acknowledge the profound Chinese impact on the US founding fathers. Trump’s recent declaration could be a historical first. Unless archival evidence surfaces to suggest otherwise, he is the first US president to formally recognise this intellectual gap on the world stage.
This admission stands in stark contrast to our current geopolitical discourse. Today, Western political commentary frequently depicts China as the ultimate cultural and ideological antithesis to the West. Yet, a deeper dive into history reveals that ancient Chinese philosophy did not just sit on the periphery of Western thought; it actively inspired both the European Enlightenment and the American founders.
To see this connection hidden in plain sight, one need only look at the architecture of American democracy itself. Sitting atop the East Pediment of the US Supreme Court building is a monumental trio of ancient lawgivers: Moses, Solon and Confucius.
Sculpted by Hermon MacNeil in the 1930s under the direction of architect Cass Gilbert, these figures were chosen to represent the core foundational pillars of American jurisprudence. MacNeil wanted to trace the lineage of American law. He included Confucius because he believed that true justice must prioritise collective civic virtue and social harmony over mere individual rights. Today, this statue of Confucius sits directly above the window of the chief justice’s office suite, serving as a silent, historic guardian watching over the highest judicial seat in America.
The Supreme Court pediment, however, is merely the physical manifestation of a deep intellectual current. While it would be a stretch to suggest that Thomas Jefferson sat down with The Analects to draft the Declaration of Independence, the structural parallels between ancient Chinese thought and American revolutionary ideals are unmistakable.' back

Decoherence-free subspaces - Wikipedia, Decoherence-free subspaces - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'A decoherence-free subspace (DFS) is a subspace of a system's Hilbert space that is invariant to non-unitary dynamics. Alternatively stated, they are a small section of the system Hilbert space where the system is decoupled from the environment and thus its evolution is completely unitary. . . . Since quantum computers cannot be isolated from their environment (i.e. we cannot have a truly isolated quantum system in the real world) and information can be lost, the study of DFSs is important for the implementation of quantum computers into the real world.' back

Dirac equation - Wikipedia, Dirac equation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In particle physics, 1928the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin-1⁄2 massive particles such as electrons and quarks, for which parity is a symmetry, and is consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity, and was the first theory to account fully for special relativity in the context of quantum mechanics. It accounted for the fine details of the hydrogen spectrum in a completely rigorous way.' back

Feynman, Leighton & Sands FLP III:04, Chapter 4: Identical Particles, 'In the last chapter we began to consider the special rules for the interference that occurs in processes with two identical particles. By identical particles we mean things like electrons which can in no way be distinguished one from another. If a process involves two particles that are identical, reversing which one arrives at a counter is an alternative which cannot be distinguished and—like all cases of alternatives which cannot be distinguished—interferes with the original, unexchanged case. The amplitude for an event is then the sum of the two interfering amplitudes; but, interestingly enough, the interference is in some cases with the same phase and, in others, with the opposite phase.' back

Georg Cantor - Wikipedia, Georg Cantor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (March 3 [O.S. February 19] 1845 – January 6, 1918) was a German mathematician, born in Russia. He is best known as the creator of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics. Cantor established the importance of one-to-one correspondence between sets, defined infinite and well-ordered sets, and proved that the real numbers are "more numerous" than the natural numbers. In fact, Cantor's theorem implies the existence of an "infinity of infinities". He defined the cardinal and ordinal numbers and their arithmetic. Cantor's work is of great philosophical interest, a fact of which he was well aware of.' back

Hannah Fair (2026_07_02), The joy of pests: study reveals why rat catchers are so happy in their work, ' Pest control means dealing with the kinds of animals many of us try our best to avoid. But catching rats and battling cockroaches turns out to be very satisfying work.
My research reveals that this surprising level of job satisfaction comes from the variety, challenge and connection pest controllers experience. They also told me their work had a positive effect on people’s lives.
I discovered this after spending the last few years immersed in the world of professional pest control. I’ve attended trade shows, read industry magazines, interviewed pest controllers and accompanied them on their call outs.
One thing that stood out was the range of pests involved, and the different places in which they appear. Both provide opportunities for pest controllers to engage in problem solving and detective work.
Most pest controllers are generalists who will deal with a wide range of wildlife, from rats and mice to wasps, bedbugs and moths. And every infestation needs a nuanced understanding of animal behaviour.
I was told that pest control work, particularly in people’s homes, requires changing tactics and adaptability. For example, some animals learn to avoid traps or develop resistance to certain chemicals. The unpredictability prevents the work from becoming monotonous and routine. ' back

Hermitian matrix - Wikipedia, Hermitian matrix - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In mathematics, a Hermitian matrix (or self-adjoint matrix) is a complex square matrix that is equal to its own conjugate transpose—that is, the element in the i-th row and j-th column is equal to the complex conjugate of the element in the j-th row and i-th column, for all indices i and j . . .. Hermitian matrices can be understood as the complex extension of real symmetric matrices. . .. Hermitian matrices are named after Charles Hermite, who demonstrated in 1855 that matrices of this form share a property with real symmetric matrices of always having real eigenvalues. Other, equivalent notations in common use are A = AH = A = A although in quantum mechanics Atypically means the complex conjugate only, and not the conjugate transpose.' back

Ian Duck and E.C.G. Sudarshan (1998), Toward an understanding of the spin-statistics theorem, 'We respond to a request from Neuenschwander for an elementary proof of the Spin-Statistics Theorem. First . . . Then we discuss an argument suggested by Sudarshan, which proves the theorem with a minimal set of requirements. . . . Motivated by our particular use of Lorentz invariance, if we are permitted to elevate the conclusion of flavour symmetry (which we explain in the text) to the status of a postulate, one could recast the proof without any relativistic assumptions, and this make it applicable even in the nonrelativistic context. . . . Finally, an argument starting with ordinary number-valued (nonmmuting), and with Grassman valued (anticommuting) operators, shows in a natural way that these relativitcally embed into Klein-Gordon spin-0 and Dirac spin-½ fields, respectively. In this way the Spin Statistics theorem is understood at the expense of admitting the existence of the simplest Grassman-valued field.' back

Klein-Gordon equation - Wikipedia, Klein-Gordon equation - W ikipedia, th free encyclopedia, ' In particle physics, the Klein–Gordon equation is a relativistic wave equation for spinless particles. It was discovered 1926 as the relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation, developed independently by numerous authors, among them Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon, after whom it is commonly named. Within relativistic quantum mechanics, it suffers from numerous conceptual problems that are only resolved in quantum field theory, where the equation describes the dynamics of spin-0 fields. Mathematically, it is a linear second-order hyperbolic partial differential equation that is manifestly Lorentz covariant and can be viewed as the wave equation form of the relativistic energy–momentum relation. It plays a fundamental role in many areas of modern physics, such as quantum field theory, particle physics, and cosmology.' back

Measurement problem - Wikipedia, Measurement problem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In quantum mechanics, the measurement problem is the problem of definite outcomes: quantum systems have superpositions but quantum measurements only give one definite result.
The wave function in quantum mechanics evolves deterministically according to the Schrödinger equation as a linear superposition of different states. However, actual measurements always find the physical system in a definite state. Any future evolution of the wave function is based on the state the system was discovered to be in when the measurement was made, meaning that the measurement "did something" to the system that is not obviously a consequence of Schrödinger evolution. The measurement problem is describing what that "something" is, how a superposition of many possible values becomes a single measured value.' back

Murray, Chan, Styan, Galani & Hallegraeff , The tiny microalgae behind South Australia’s harmful algal bloom is among the most toxic ever tested, ' Over the past 15 months, one of the country’s worst marine environmental disasters has been unfolding in South Australia.
A harmful algal bloom expanded in many coastal seas, killing thousands of fish, birds, shellfish and marine mammals. Even iconic species such as giant cuttlefish and seadragons have washed up dead on beaches.
These blooms happen when particular species of microscopic algae accumulate in a body of water. Several hundred species of microalgae produce toxins that, in high concentrations, can be harmful to humans and deadly to marine creatures.
Our new research shows Karenia cristata, the rare microalgal species behind this catastrophic bloom, is among the most toxic species to marine life ever studied. It’s capable of killing zooplankton, a type of small marine animal, in concentrations of just five cells per millilitre of seawater. [. . .]
Our team of 25 scientists took a closer look at laboratory-grown strains of K. cristata. To do this, we hand-picked individual cells of microalgae from seawater using ultrafine glass pipettes. We then grew them in bacteria-free, nutrient-rich seawater and made sure the temperature and amount of light stayed the same.
Using these lab-grown cells, we conducted three different experiments to observe how Karenia toxins affect the cells of fish and invertebrates – tiny marine animals that don’t have a backbone such as rotifers, a type of small zooplankton, and larval crustaceans.
The results were startling. K. cristata killed half the invertebrates we studied, even in extremely low concentrations of only five cells per millilitre – or 5,000 cells per litre – of seawater. This makes it more deadly to invertebrates than any other species of toxin-producing algae tested using this same method. The algae had a similar affect on lab-grown fish gill cells.
Compared with our experiments, K. cristata was present in higher concentrations in the waters around SA during the latest algal bloom. In August and September 2025, we routinely recorded concentrations higher than one million cells per litre of seawater off the coast of Adelaide.
This may explain why this bloom was so catastrophic.
back

People's Republic of China (2026_06_17), x , ' Preface
Global governance is a common endeavor that bears on the wellbeing of all humanity, and building a just and equitable global governance system is a shared vision long pursued by people from across the world.
Over 80 years ago, the United Nations (UN) was founded as a multilateral platform for countries to address international affairs through dialogue and consultation. It established international rules underpinning the rule of law, ushering in a new phase in global governance. After the Cold War, multipolarization and economic globalization began to gain momentum, and the concept of global governance grounded in coordination and cooperation was widely endorsed. In recent times, however, unilateralism, protectionism, and hegemonism have been spreading unchecked, while deficits in peace, development, security, and trust continue to expand. Reforming and improving global governance to resolve these challenges and letting the UN play a core role have thus become a critical topic for the future of humanity.
China has always been an active participant in, contributor to, and builder of global governance. In the new era, President Xi Jinping put forward the vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity. In promoting a global governance system characterized by extensive consultation and joint contribution for shared benefit, he has called for true multilateralism to foster an equal and orderly multipolar world and a universally beneficial and inclusive economic globalization. In 2025, at a pivotal historical juncture marking the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Global War Against Fascism and the founding of the UN, President Xi proposed a new initiative, the Global Governance Initiative (GGI).
The GGI is designed to offer a Chinese solution to the two pressing questions of the era: what kind of global governance system should be established, and how global governance can be reformed and improved. Upon its introduction, it swiftly gained support from nearly 160 countries and international organizations, with over 60 countries joining the Group of Friends of Global Governance. The international community believes that the GGI sends a clear signal: uphold multilateralism, unite forces, and pursue a fair future. The GGI aligns with the growing trend towards greater democracy in international relations and bolsters international confidence in practicing multilateralism. It offers a clear and feasible roadmap for improving global governance, bringing valuable stability and positive energy to a turbulent world.
China has proposed the GGI to expedite the building of a more just and equitable global governance system. Resolutely upholding the UN’s authority and status is fundamental to the effective implementation of this initiative. Success will also hinge on major countries bearing a sense of responsibility, and on all nations uniting and cooperating to address deficits in peace and development. All countries should firmly uphold the international system with the UN at its core, safeguard the international order based on international law, and uphold the basic norms governing international relations underpinned by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, instead of reinventing the wheel.
The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to introduce China’s principles, proposals and actions in global governance, foster broader consensus within the international community, ensure more effective responses to global challenges, and build a more just and equitable global governance system.' back

Qiu-Hong Hu (2005_12_29), The nature of the electron, ' Through investigating history, evolution of the concept, and development in the theories of electrons, I am convinced that what was missing in our understanding of the electron is a structure, into which all attributes of the electron could be incorporated in a self-consistent way. It is hereby postulated that the topological structure of the electron is a closed two-turn Helix (a so-called Hubius Helix) that is generated by circulatory motion of a mass-less particle at the speed of light. A formulation is presented to describe an isolated electron at rest and at high speed. It is shown that the formulation is capable of incorporating most (if not all) attributes of the electron, including spin, magnetic moment, fine structure constant, anomalous magnetic moment, and charge quantization into one concrete description of the Hubius Helix. The equations for the description emerge accordingly. Implications elicited by the postulate are elaborated. Inadequacy of the formulation is discussed.' back

Ribosome - Wikipedia, Ribosome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all living cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA molecules to form polypeptide chains. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small and large ribosomal subunits. Each subunit consists of one or more ribosomal RNA molecules and many ribosomal proteins.' back

Richard Behiel, Electromagnetism as a Gauge Theory, ' "Why is electromagnetism a thing?" That's the question. In this video, we explore the answer given by gauge theory. In a nutshell, electromagnetism arises from local phase symmetry. But what does that mean, and how exactly does that work? That's what this video is all about!
This video is quite long and technical. Think of it as a video textbook, so you can skip around to different parts if you’d like. But I wanted to err on the side of rigor and thoroughness, to show comprehensively how local U(1) symmetry blossoms into electromagnetism. So the ideas are all there for you, but you don’t have to watch this in one sitting! ' back

Richard Behiel (2023_11_21), Deriving the Dirac Equation, ' In this video, we'll derive the Dirac equation, and see where it comes from!' back

Richard Behiel (2025_08_07), The Strong Nuclear Force as a Gauge Theory, Part 1: Quarks, ' Hey everyone, in this video series, we'll be exploring how the strong nuclear force arises naturally from local SU(3) symmetry. Today, in Part 1, we'll be easing into the subject matter, talking about quarks, looking at some baryons and mesons, and developing the concept of a quark color triplet field (which we'll later apply a local SU(3) transformation to). back

Richard Behiel (c), Deriving the Klein Gordon Equation, ' 0:00 Intro 0:38 Three Principles for the Dirac Equation 3:12 Square Root of the Mass Shell 7:30 Anticommutation Relations 9:50 The Dirac Matrices 10:58 The Dirac Equation 13:58 Spinors' back

Richard Behiel (d), Dirac Equation: Free Particle at Rest (solution to Dirac Equation), back

Richard P. Feynman (1981), Simulating Physics with Computers, 'I want to talk about the possibiilty that there is to be an exact simulation, that the computer will do exactly the same as nature. If this is to be proved and the type of computer is as I've already explained, then it's going to be necessary that everything that happens in a finite volume of space and time would have to be exactly analyzable with a finite number of logical operations. The present theory of physics is not that way, apparently. It allows space to go down into infinitesimal distances, wavelengths to get infinitely great, terms to be summed in infinite order, and so forth; and therefore if this proposition is right, physical law is wrong.' International Journal of Theoretical Physics, VoL 21, Nos. 6/7, 1982 back

Sergei Treil (2026_01_21), Linear Algebra Done Wrong, 'Besides being a first course in linear algebra it is also supposed to be a first course introducing a student to rigorous proof, formal definitions—in short, to the style of modern theoretical (abstract) mathematics. The target audience explains the very specific blend of elementary ideas and concrete examples, which are usually presented in introductory linear algebra texts with more abstract definitions and constructions typical for advanced books.
Another specific of the book is that it is not written by or for an alge- braist. So, I tried to emphasize the topics that are important for analysis, geometry, probability, etc., and did not include some traditional topics. For example, I am only considering vector spaces over the fields of real or complex numbers. Linear spaces over other fields are not considered at all, since I feel time required to introduce and explain abstract fields would be better spent on some more classical topics, which will be required in other dis- ciplines. And later, when the students study general fields in an abstract algebra course they will understand that many of the constructions studied in this book will also work for general fields.
Also, I treat only finite-dimensional spaces in this book and a basis always means a finite basis. The reason is that it is impossible to say something non-trivial about infinite-dimensional spaces without introducing convergence, norms, completeness etc., i.e. the basics of functional analysis. And this is definitely a subject for a separate course (text). So, I do not consider infinite Hamel bases here: they are not needed in most applications to analysis and geometry, and I feel they belong in an abstract algebra course.' back

Stern-Gerlach experiment - Wikipedia, Stern-Gerlach experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized. It demonstrated that atomic-scale systems have intrinsically quantum properties, and that measurement in quantum mechanics affects the system being measured.' back

Waleed Aly (2026_07_10), Trump’s red card scandal incensed the world. The corruption of Australian sport is even graver, ' But before all this, sport is culture. It works best when it emerges from the soil. It’s overwhelmingly inherited. It has meaning because it is anchored in history and place. Sporting love can be acquired and cultivated, but even then it becomes rich when it is connected to a tradition.
Sporting achievement has meaning only because of a sense of continuity, that the victor has a history and a future. To win a premiership or a World Cup is to stake a claim to become history, to be recognised in the future. It’s a cultural monument.
All this is crucial to understanding the public anger surrounding two biting frustrations of the moment. One is the political impasse over the Albanese government’s gambling ad reforms, which both the Greens and the Coalition are holding up on the grounds they are too weak. The other was this week’s bizarre Trump-Infantino-World-Cup-red-card saga. The former is graver than the latter in several ways. But both, I think, enliven the same kind of objection that has everything to do with this intersection of culture, business and sport, and the contradictions between them.[. . .]
Corruption? Yes, but that’s not a new FIFA story. It’s the subplot of almost any decision over who gets to host the World Cup. Money? Yes, sure. FIFA rents an office in Trump Tower, effectively making it one of the president’s clients. Meanwhile, FIFA’s ruthlessness in wringing every dollar out of this tournament from unconscionable ticket pricing has long been clear. The introduction of two mandatory “hydration breaks” during every game irrespective of how hot the weather actually is fundamentally changes the way the sport works, but gives broadcasters an opportunity to play extra ads worth hundreds of millions of dollars.
No, I think it’s about monopoly. Not just in the commercial sense, but in the emotional sense. The great contradiction at the heart of treating sport like a business is that it’s ultimately not competing in the same way as any other product. Sport is not the consumer choice of some rational actor. The fan is overwhelmingly in a monogamous relationship of love, full of ups and downs but ultimately inseverable without considerable pain. The object of passion, whether a club or a national team, has a monopoly on your heart. You can’t substitute it for another. That’s the only reason sport finally works. And when you apply market logic to a monopoly, you get abuse of power and ultimately failure.' back

Wojciech H Zurek (1988_05_21), Decoherence, Einselection, and the Existential Interpretation (the Rough Guide), 'The roles of decoherence and environment-induced superselection in the emergence of the classical from the quantum substrate are described. The stability of correlations between the einselected quantum pointer states and the environment allows them to exist almost as objectively as classical states were once thought to exist: There are ways of finding out what is the pointer state of the system which utilize redundancy of their correlations with the environment, and which leave einselected states essentially unperturbed. This relatively objective existence of certain quantum states facilitates operational definition of probabilities in the quantum setting. Moreover, once there are states that `exist' and can be `found out', a `collapse' in the traditional sense is no longer necessary --- in effect, it has already happened. The records of the observer will contain evidence of an effective collapse. The role of the preferred states in the processing and storage of information is emphasized. The existential interpretation based on the relatively objective existence of stable correlations between the einselected states of observers memory and in the outside Universe is formulated and discussed.' back

Wojciech H. Zurek (1998_08_15), Decoherence, einselection and the existential interpretation (the rough guide), ' The roles of decoherence and environment–induced superselection in the emergence of the classical from the quantum substrate are described. The stability of correlations between the einselected quantum pointer states and the environment allows them to exist almost as objectively as classical states were once thought to exist: there are ways of finding out what is the pointer state of the system which uses redundancy of their correlations with the environment, and which leave einselected states essentially unperturbed. This relatively objective existence of certain quantum states facilitates operational definition of probabilities in the quantum setting. Moreover, once there are states that ‘exist’and can be ‘found out’, a ‘collapse’ in the traditional sense is no longer necessary—–in effect, it has already happened. The records of the observer will contain evidence of an effective collapse. The role of the preferred states in the processing and storage of information is emphasized. The existential interpretation based on the relatively objective existence of stable correlations between the einselected states of observers memory and in the outside universe is formulated and discussed. back

x, Klein-Gordon equation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'It is the equation of motion of a quantum scalar or pseudoscalar field, a field whose quanta are spinless particles. It cannot be straightforwardly interpreted as a Schrödinger equation for a quantum state, because it is second order in time and because it does not admit a positive definite conserved probability density. Still, with the appropriate interpretation, it does describe the quantum amplitude for finding a point particle in various places, the relativistic wavefunction, but the particle propagates both forwards and backwards in time. Any solution to the Dirac equation is automatically a solution to the Klein–Gordon equation, but the converse is not true.' back

x, Cartesian doubt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Cartesian doubt is a systematic process of being skeptical about (or doubting) the truth of one's beliefs, which has become a characteristic method in philosophy.  Additionally, Descartes' method has been seen by many as the root of the modern scientific method. This method of doubt was largely popularized in Western philosophy by René Descartes, who sought to doubt the truth of all beliefs in order to determine which he could be certain were true.' back

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