Natural Theology

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Notes DB 90: Psychogenesis_2024

Sunday 28 January 2024 - Saturday 3 February y 2024

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Sunday 28 January 2024

This site is built on the idea that the Universe evolved, from the parallel idea that the scientific method is an example of evolutionary method, ie we put a few thousand random PhD students on to study thousands of problem at the boundary

[page 135]

between what is known and what is unknown and rely on the lucky few with names like Dirac, Heisenberg and Einstein to come up wth answers which often open up new perspectives for development. At the physical root of the process is quantum theory which provides a paradigm for creation and scientific method which we imagine to have been set up by the initial singularity discovering Hilbert space through random mappings onto itself and the operation of fixed point theory; and then transformation of this space by the operations of what we now know as quantum mechanics to come up with stationary states which are converted into real physical particles by energy derived by the bifurcation of the initial dynamic gravitation into potential and kinetic energy, equal and opposite, so preserving the structureless symmetry of the initial singularity (see Cognitive Cosmology page 17: Gravitation and quantum theory—in the beginning.

The Hilbert / quantum algorithm having been discovered and encoded in dynamic particles in Minkowski space then continued on its creative way, ultimately appearing in out human minds to which we attribute our experience of consciousness and intelligence. This coincidence we might say is explained by the symmetry with respect to complexity and underlies the claim that the world is cognitive and the hypothesis, embodied in the website cognitive cosmology, which develops the concept that the Universe is divine and all things are children of god. Cognitive Cosmology (2024)

[page 136]

Although the reality of [engineered] quantum computation is [still] a dot on the horizon, the physical utility of quantum theory more or less proves that the Universe achieved this goal in the first few moments of creation and has continued in this vein for fourteen billion years to convert a structureless but omnipotent initial singularity into the magnificent Universe we are beginning to understand, guided only by the principle that actual contradictions cannot exist. Xavier Waintal (2023_12_29): The Quantum House Of Cards

Waintal page 1: ' At the root of this analysis is the sinple observation that the quantum computer is an analog machine, ie its internal structure is described by a large set of complex numbers that can vary continuously'. I am inclined to reject this and confine the Hilbert space to Cn giving a [countable] set of basis states that can be understood as 0 roots of unity which in [ordered] superposition may give us 1 normalized vectors.

page 2: ' There is no simple path to designing a new quantum algorithm' [although we may suspect that an evolutionary process with sufficient variation in its input may be able to find such an algorithms, and given that we are here, we can probably guarantee that the evolution of the Universe has found a large fraction of the possible algorithms embodied in self-adjoint operators. 'Also, as we shall see, all the known algorithms are very demanding in terms of hardware quality and quantity.' Self-adjoint operator - Wikipedia

page 4: Quantum Error Correction: QEC: 'Russian doll nesting problem transforms the initially simple process of a one qubit gate to thousands, tens of thousands or more physical operations depending

[page 137]

on the required level of precision. The Russian doll bottleneck excludes all but the fastest hardware from practical applications. Even assuming gates as fast as 1o ns, the overall computation time for a full application often reaches days for a single answer to a single problem.

Waintal page 5: "syndrome bottleneck". The analysis of a syndrome is a difficult (NP complete) problem. For a billion physical qubits quantum computer, the data rate coming from the syndromes is of the order of 1015 bits per second (109 / 10-6). NP-complete - Wikipedia

The last difficulty is that QEC corrects certain types of errors. Others are not corrected and can be fatal to cmputations.

page 6: The simulation of a seminal quantum supremacy experiment, initially assumed by Google to take 10 000 years on the largest supercomputer now requires just 6 seconds according to their own reckoning (an improvement of eleven orders of magnitude on the classical algorithm side).

' The number of processes that are apparently exponentially difficult and that were solved in polynomial time with numerical techniques is quickly growing.'

' The IBM quantum advantage experiment (ref 21) was simulated within days of the article publication (refs 37-39).' Tindall, Fishman, Stoudenmire & Sels: Efficient tensor network simulation of IBM's Eagle kicked Ising experiment (2023)

[page 138]

Monday 29 January 2024

Spent an hour walking to Bunnings to get bolts and a drill bit to fix my digging fork because I have taken up gardening planting sunflowers. The owner planted the last lot in mid September and they matured in early January. It will be interesting to see of these planted now will mature before winter shuts them down.

Fortunately my beloved brain rewarded me for this exercise by revealing the following to me. I am developing my Universe in Cognitive Cosmology by analogy with Darwin's theory of evolution. We know that given enough time, every base in every genome in the world has a certain probability of replacement. This means that we can imagine the set of possible genomes in the world to have the cardinal 1 the cardinal of the set of permutations of the set of natural numbers [cardinal 0].

We might guess that the average genome comprises a billion bases, so that we might find any one of (one billion)! species on the planet. Of course a very large proportion of these genomes would not be viable. Species are judged and selected on their ability to survive in their environment, and as environments change species are required to adapt if they are not to become extinct. This system is quite flexible. We have seen 50 tonne dinosaurs mutate into modern 20 gram birds. Jude Coleman (2023): ‘Weird’ dinosaur prompts rethink of bird evolution

[page 139]

We have noted that the evolution of science is analogous to the evolution of species (see Sunday 28th). Modern quantum field theory is a direct descendent of classical field theory that began its development with Faraday and reached its apogee in Einstein's general theory [and it still contains many traits derived from its parent, particularly continuity and determinism].

The history quantum mechanics has a similar evolution. Planck's discovery of the black body radiation law was something of a shot in the dark. Einstein clarified the picture a little by arguing that Planck's quanta are real particles, photons. Bohr's model of the atom gave some insight into the interaction of photons and atomic electrons. The discovery of quantum mechanics in the late 1920s opened the way for quantum electrodynamics. Schrödinger, Dirac and others united the matrix and wave approaches to quantum mechanics, but Dirac introduced his delta function which at the time seemed rather doubtful, although a mathematical theory of distributions has since been built around it [and has become part of axiomatic quantum theory in the hands of Streater and Wightman]. Albert Einstein (1905c): On a heuristic point of view concerning the production and transformation of light, Streater & Wightman (2000): PCT, Spin, Statistics and All That

Von Neumann avoided Dirac's delta and showed that the natural foundation for quantum mechanics is Hilbert space by realizing that a point in Hilbert's function space was an ideal representative of a quantum physical state. Trouble started when attempts to unite quantum theory and special relativity led to another problematic trick (since naturalized), renormalization. Feynman cast doubt on renormalization in his 1965 Nobel Prize lecture, but Wilson brought it into the fold in his 1982 lecture. Richard P. Feynman (1965): Nobel Lecture: The Development of the Space-Time View of Quantum Electrodynamics,, Kenneth G Wilson (1982): Nobel Lecture: The Renormalisation Group and Critical Phenomena

Maybe this marks the point of extinction of current quantum field theory and points to the need for a new start, [as von Neumann thought was necessary in order to make quantum mechanics mathematically respectable]. The story I have developed here has

[page 140]

has been developed with the problems of quantum field theory flagged by Kuhlmann in mind. [He concluded (as I quoted in the abstract of Cognitive Cosmology ):

In conclusion one has to recall that one reason why the ontological interpretation of [Quantum Field Theory] is so difficult is the fact that it is exceptionally unclear which parts of the formalism should be taken to represent anything physical in the first place. And it looks as if that problem will persist for quite some time. Meinard Kuhlmann (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy): Quantum Field Theory

He is writing as though the problems of infinity arising from the attempted union with special relativity has been solved by remormalization and the real remaining problems are matters of representation].

It has two foundations. First, we reject continuous mathematics as a nineteenth century mathematical ideal that does not apply to the logical and intelligent physical world [with the sole exception of the initial singularity, see below].

[and second] we reverse the order of Hilbert and Minkowski space, making Hilbert space primary and independent, the source of variation in the evolutionary world, which we introduce under the name of von Neumann vacuum to replace the vacua of traditional quantum field theory which have been totally discredited by the cosmological constant problem. Cosmological constant problem - Wikipedia

The result is the concept that the Universe is divine and cognitive, demanding the union of physics and theology leading to the line of discussion beginning on page 8: The theology of the Trinity and arriving at the relationship between gravitation and quantum mechanics discussed on page 17: Gravitation and quantum theory—in the beginning

Einstein's general theory works because gravitation itself is not quantized but through its transformation into potential and kinetic energy makes the formal fixed points developed by the kinematic operation of quantum theory which gives us the formal stationary points [suggested by Plato] which are converted into real particles [in the Aristotelian model by the attachment of the forms to matter ≡ energy] and real space by the bifurcation of gravitation [into potential and kinetic energy] and the development of Minkowski space by bosons and fermions.

[page 141]

So 24.1 Gravitation and field theory discusses why the general theory works, why gravitation is omnipotent, pure action, neither kinematic nor dynamic, whose only fixed point is general covariance which is not a fixed point. Ie gravitation is identical to the traditional divinity, its essence (form) is identical to its existence (dynamic reality) as discovered by Aristotle, who did not have any superconducting super colliders but a very astute evidence based mind.

24.1 [again] Gravity, field theory, Plato (form) and Aristotle (action)

Quantum field theory is the 50 tonne dinosaur which need to be replaced by the 20 gram bird.

Feynman's diagrams may in fact be the mirror image of the eigenvalues of a quasi infinite dimensional self adjoint operator which has evolved to represent the interaction between a photons and an electron, analogous to the set of operators which have evolved to represent the pairwise interactions of all the elementary particles.

One way to perceive this is that every quantum interaction, because it is a logical interaction, involves precisely one quantum of action. This is obvious in the interactions of photons and electrons [in atoms], and we may attribute some sort of

[page 142]

quantization to the interactions of photons and electrons in free systems like Compton scattering [since the stationary points in these interactions are the product of multi-dimensional self adjoint operators rather (perhaps) than intersections in Feynman diagrams]. Compton scattering - Wikipedia, Klein-Nishina formula - Wikipedia

The idea here is to go the whole hog and replace quantum field theory with the idea of a spectrum of single quantum interaction that gives the same result as a Feynman diagram approach, to be understood as developed by the evolution of Hermitian operators, with spectra and Born rule type structures that lead to the same results as Feynman. By being logical and single quantum, we expect no problem with infinity and by putting Hilbert before Minkowski we expect no problem with relativity. The Feynman path integral method seems to predict single quantum interactions and our division of processes into kinematic (Hilbert, platonic) and dynamic (energetic, classical) may serve to correct the representation problems that Kuhlmann details. All this development is a bit sudden and will take me a while to absorb, but it is based in two ideas: natural evolution selects self adjoint operators, and symmetry with respect to complexity makes quantum algorithms of superposition apply at all scales particularly in the human mind, and the spectrum and probability structure of self adjoint operator gives us a way to bypass standard quantum field theory [and the symmetry with respect to scale link between human conversation and quantum interaction gives us a new way to explore the nature of quantum interactions (see Cognitive Cosmology Principle 5: Symmetry with respect to complexity]. Path integral formulation - Wikipedia

It may be wrong but it is an interesting deviation.

[page 143]

A principal objection to the standard model is its complexity. Steven Weinberg takes three volumes to tell us about quantum field theory and a standard work of gravitation, Misner Thorne and Wheeler is aptly called the telephone book, but at the root gravitation is as simple as god, its essence is its existence. Gravitation is a synthesis of stillness and perpetual motion preparing to burst into the dynamic quantum theory and classical stasis, particles. Quantum mechanics is a puppet motivated by gravitation, ie god, the initial singularity, absolutely simple, the foundation of field theory and calculus, not flat but curved, empty, meaningless but omnipotent. The first thing it created, by the action of fixed point theory, is Hilbert space, a kinematic space of ceaseless motion represented by the polar complex plane.

For god and gravitation, essence ≡ existence.

Tuesday 30 January 2024

I wake up doubting my hypothesis of a replacement model for quantum field theory based on the von Neumann vacuum, but realize that it is necessary to write out in detail the ideas sketched above so that they can go into the public domain and attract critical evaluation.

Despite my doubts, I feel very happy with my story so far. Some of my strongest incentives are

[page 144]

1. That QFT fails with gravitation, because gravitation is not quantized but is a system of overlapping Minkowski spaces described by Einstein with the help of the differential manifold and 'absolute differential calculus', ie tensor analysis that makes reference frames superfluous. Differentiable manifold - Wikipedia

2. The heuristic of simplicity which fits the ideas of a dynamic gravitational singularity with no structure whose essence is identical to its existence so be summarized in [Cognitive Cosmology, page] 24.2 A theological theory of gravitation.

3. The Universe is cognitive and logical so that the application of numerical mathematics to its fundamental quantum computational processes [is a mistake]. This mathematical approach only applies in Minkowski space where rational numbers apply to space and time rates of computational events while telling us very little about the nature of these events. Stationary points in self-adjoint operators are represented by natural numbers (perhaps arising from the rational arguments in complex numbers which we conceive as integral roots of unity, ie just 0 of them in Cn ).

4. The trouble with relativity which results from putting the Minkowski cart before the Hilbert horse. This is a carryover from classical field theory in which nobody could imagine a world without a divinely constituted Minkowski space as the foundation of everything. Maybe some imagined Hilbert space as a sort of ether that filled all space to be the foundation of electromagnetic waves, which is in fact truish, as de Broglie recognized. Louis de Broglie (1929): Nobel Lecture: The Wave Nature of the Electron

5. the distinction between form and material reality first introduced by Plato and developed by Aristotle reappears as the distinction between kinematic and dynamic action and clarifies a lot of the representation problems =, like the cosmological constant problem, that Kuhlmann points out in his critique if Quantum field theory. As Einstein points out, special relativity is a kinematic answer to the dynamic problems raised by Maxwell's equations. Kinematics - Wikipedia, Dynamics - Wikipedia, Albert Einstein (1905): On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies

[6. Cognitive cosmology: Principle 13: An unmodulated continuum carries no information]

Wednesday 31 January 2024

Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Lonergan & von Neumann. One gets the impression,

[page 146]

reading Lonergan's Insight with his [division of] knowledge into proportionate (to the human intellect) and transcendental (the knowledge possessed by God) that he, like his predecessors, really thought they were onto something. Little did they know that they were deluded by the notion that the key to knowledge and understanding was immateriality when in fact matter is a necessary prerequisite for the representation of knowledge, as Landauer realized, working in the areas of [modern] communication and computation, that [real] information is physical (see ). Bernard Lonergan (1992); Insight: A Study of Human Understanding , Rolf Landauer (1999): Information is a Physical Entity

I also feel that the answer to the delusion lies in the genius of Hilbert and von Neumann. Von Neumann felt that quantum mechanics had to start afresh with Hilbert space to give a consistent mathematical basis to the theory of the world. The key to this is that self-adjoint operators [in Cn space] have rational diagonals, creating a link between Hilbert and Minkowski space. My new physical / theological model of the world takes advantage of this insight which respects the real nature of information.

[page 148]

The eigenvalue equation may have a countable infinity of solutions, each with a certain probability perhaps related to the Born rule, and the question is does this spectrum of answers in some way resemble the details of the Feynman diagrams, and can we replace the Feynman based quantum field theory with something based on hermitian operators? What we are looking for in quantum encounters is one to one with a single quantum of action at the end of each Feynman path integral which must always end with a superposition that arrives at a full quantum which leads to an event which results in a solution to the eigenvalue equation. Is this a hopeless dream? I have not been drinking. A vague idea, get it right through symmetry with respect to complexity and an examination of human personal relationships.

Thursday 1 February 2024

My personal bouts of insecurity arise because I am taking on the "gods" of physics and theology without really knowing what I am talking about because I rely so much on predigested input from secondary sources. What I am beginning to see is that I need to learn more from von Neumann's revision of quantum theory and his mapping of mathematics onto reality, beginning perhaps with the quantum ergodic theory. This all shows up in my would be tour de

[page 149]

force, cc24_trans_minkowski, which is in effect my final solution to the "measurement problem", the application of quantum theory to reality. [This] has come round to symmetry with respect to complexity which is the key to my proof that the Universe is divine because it shows that my "spiritual" mind is is quantum mechanical so that physics and theology are united by the "theorem" that quantum theory and god are cognitive. [This is] an epistemological proof that got off to a bad start with Plato, was somewhat resurrected by Aristotle, and finally killed by Aquinas and the militaristic papacy which led to the first Vatican Council to finally [end] the creativity of the Roman Catholic Church. I owe it to myself to get my bloodless revolution right, that power in the [omnipotent divine] Universe was in place at the first moments of creation.

Léon van Hove (1957) Von Neumann on QM 1927-1929 'work on the mathematical foundations of QM came to a culmination in 1929 with the spectral theorem for hypermaximal symmetric operators in Hilbert space.' Leon van Hove (1957): von Neumann's Contributions to Quantum Theory

page 95: Although vN himself attempted at first, in collaboration with Hilbert and Nordheim, to edify the QM formalism along [Dirac] lines he soon realized that a much more natural framework was provided by the abstract axiomatic theory of Hilbert spaces

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and their linear operators [J. von Neumann, Mathematische Begründung der Quantenmechanik, Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen (1927) pp. 1-57].

van Hove page 96: 'An essential feature of the Hilbert space formulation of quantum theory is that the most important physical quantities as position, momentum or energy are represented by unbounded hermitian operators. Since the theoretical prediction of measurements make essential use of the spectral resolution of the operators representing physical quantities, vN was in his very first investigation, faced with the problem of extending to the unbounded case the known spectral theory of hermitean operators. He introduced the all important concept of hypermaximal symmetrical operator, being the most general hermitean operator with spectral resolution.'

page 97: Statistical aspects of quantum theory: '. . . he also gave in complete generality the basic statistical rule of interpretation of the theory. The statistical rule, originally proposed by Born in 1926, was for vN the starting point of a mathematical analysis of quantum mechanics in entirely probabilistic terms.' Density matrix. All this is in Mathematical Foundations of Quantum mechanics. Density matrix - Wikipedia

page 99: 1934, 1936 with Jordan, Wigner and Birkoff: ' . . . the question of the algebraic and logical structure of quantum mechanics, looking for possible generalizations.'

[page 151]

What strikes me here is the emphasis on obtaining results from QM in terms of measurements in terms of classical position, momentum and energy [is] in effect hobbling the power of QM with the connection to classicism. I want to follow Nielsen and Chuang, even though quantum computation is effectively dead. Nielsen & Chuang (2016): Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Xavier Waintal (2023_12_29): The Quantum House Of Cards

Now to Adrian Heathcote: see Friday

No, Priscilla; and 'the book' Chapter 1: Even omnipotence cannot create contradiction, and the Chritsian god is a contradiction: an omniscient empty mind, the root not of a masterplan but of a glorious wilderness (see page 11: Quantization: the mathematical theory of communication). Priscilla (film) - Wikipedia

Friday 2 February 2024

Evolution is the fundamental process in the Universe and we can see it as a symmetry, the symmetry with respect to complexity which unites variation and selection, that is thought and observation, the interplay between Hilbert and Minkowski spaces. So for instance, every movie, every narrative every myth is a connected sequence f events with random and deterministic events.

Adrian Heathcote: ' The purpose of this note is to exploit some rather surprising philosophical points from the elementary postulates of QM, in particular that the use of unbounded operators leads

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to a kind of incompleteness. Adrian Heathcote: Unbounded operators and the incompleteness of quantum mechanics

Heathcote page 1: |A ψ| ≤ k|ψ|, Ψ ∈ D(A); k ∈ R+, true for bounded operator; unbounded, no such k.

page 2:

(1) < φ, Aψ > = < Aφ, ψ >, for all φ, ψD(A).

An operator defined by (1) defined on all H must be bounded. Unbounded, A cannot be defined on all H so, if unbounded, A can only be defined up to a dense subspace of H. A densely defined operator that obeys (1) is Hermitian (symmetric) but not necessarily self adjoint. Domain of operator and adjoint must be the same:

(2) D(A) = D(A)

Only self adjoint Hermitian operators generate one parameter unitary groups required for quantum dynamics.

Completeness in QM first defined by EPR. Einstein, Podolsky & Rosen (1935): Can the Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?

page 3: EPR: 'As it stands this necessary condition is probably too strong. QM should not be regarded as incomplete for its failure to have a counterpart to Minkowski space-time'.

Incompleteness of QM:

(1) self adjoint operators are required in QM, their being merely Hermitian is not enough. (2) the demain of an unbounded self=adjoint operator cannot be the whole of H.

'Postulate 1: There is a one-to-one correspondence between the possible

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states of a system and the normed rays of a Hilbert space H, ie |ψ| = e ', ie state is represented by a unit circle on the complex plane, ie it is kinematic.

Heathcote page 4: 'Postulate 2: The observables of the system are represented by self-adjoint operators acting on H. These may be either bounded or unbounded. Examples of unbounded operators that represent observables are the position operator, the momentum operator and the Hamiltonian.' Assuming that spacetime is mathematically continuous, which it is not in the logical picture. The numerical values here are the rate of operation of the relevant operators projected into space-time where there is a rational uncertainty principle granulated by ℏ.

' From these two elementary postulates we obtain our incompleteness claim (almost) directly. . . . The real problem is that the state is simply not in the domain of the position operator. . . . We now show this by producing a normed function in L2(R) that is not in the domain of the position operator.

Dodgy argument based on a step function in R which assumes that R is continuous which is unphysical because continua carry no information. Cognitive cosmology Principle 13: An unmodulated continuum carries no information.

The uncertainty principle is a measure of the position of a state vector on the circumference of the unit circle on the normalized polar complex plane.

Phone notes: Von Neumann's hypermaximal hermitian operators may have the same entropy as the endless recursion

[page 154]

of Feynman diagrams and so we might expect the Feynman approach could be mapped onto the vN operator approach. So we can replace Feynman quantum field theory with vN operator theory. Think about it. vN did a lot of work to develop infinite operators that could work on continuous space-time and real numbers [the reason Dirac invented his deltas function], but here we are restricting ourselves to the countable set of rational numbers and moving out into the continuum via Cantor's proof method, ie permutation. This is a consequence of taking the logic computational discrete approach and ditching pointwise continuity as a delusion [on the assumption that the only real continuum in the physical Universe is naked gravitation]. What we need is a spectral set of probabilities identical to the set of probabilities derived from Feynman diagrams. Dirac delta function - Wikipedia

Much of the discussion of quantum mechanics is contained within the constraint of yielding results of position, momentum and energy to suit classical mechanics. In the evolutionary picture the constraint operating on the selected operators is that they shoukd endow their particles with the traits necessary to maximize their probability of survival in the environment in which they find themselves.

We can use experiment to decide whether the probabilities yielded by spectral theory yield the same results as Feynman diagrams in QFT.

There may also be numerical proofs based on the two models but it

[page 155]

may be hard to work out, although we may find that a normal distribution based on qubits provides a basic connection between the two models, at least to a first approximation.

Quantum mechanics understands emotions and wilderness [because it deals with infinitely multivariate functions, all of the variables which are connected with one another].

Here we see the evolution of fundamental processes progressing. We begin with eternal omnipotent naked gravitation. Because it is continuous, compact and convex we get a countable set of discrete Hilbert basis states all being represented by rays in continuous rotation. Given the emergence of self adjoint operators we get stationary states that are fixed by energy from gravitational potential. This process, like the procession of the trinity generates a set of particles with Hilbert interiors determining their personalities, some fermions and some bosons. Those that fit together to form a group support each other to survive and we eventually end up with the standard model which begins to duplicate itself through Minkowski space and instances of it interact with one another to form more complex structures and so on.

The emergence of fermions and bosons induces the 4D structure of Minkowski space in naked gravitation that generates ther general relativistic structure of the Universe. Albert Einstein (1915): The Field Equations of Gravitation

Another little walk, more phone.

[page 156]

My mind evolves like the evolving Universe proving the words of Genesis, acted out by Jesus that we are created in the image of god, that is for all practical purposes we are children of gods. All the stories made up here may be wrong in detail but they are in effect authentic replicas of the Universe insofar as they are generated by the same evolutionary process and may or may not have a future depending on whether they are selected to reproduce or not. From this point of view my theory is foolproof insofar as it is an example of what it is trying to say [in scholastic terms, its essence is its existence!].

Although I know a lot of stuff at my advanced age I still cannot really predict what is going to come next unless I am working on some concrete project that physically constrains my behaviour to performing certain necessary acts to carry the task forward [which seems to be happening here as my theological hypothesis generates substance which carries it forward like a partially completed house, maybe a self perpetuating "delusion", like a flying dinosaur].

Each insight leaves me a little bit fatigued and I am inclined to have a little rest like after as a child I had run a race and was puffed out.

Each particle is created with a Hilbert space personality motivated by its kinetic energy and a load of mass / potential energy derived from gravitation both adding up to zero.

[page 157]

Back to von Neumann, page 6: 'the principle of continuity prevailing in the macroscopic world is merely simulated by an averaging process in a world which in truth is discontinuous by its very nature' [and therefore, as I am learning to understand it, evolves in discrete logical steps each characterized by the multivalued logical operator [encoded in a complex vector] we call the quantum of action].

page 7: ' On the basis of the Born statistical interpretation of the quantum theoretical description of nature, it was possible for Dirac and Jordan to join the two theories into one, "the transformation theory" in which they made possible a grasp of physical problems which was especially simple mathematically' the statistical description being necessary because of the fineness of the material structure that represents the spirit of the Universe: see pages 15: Quantum amplitudes and logical processes are invisible and 21: Matter and spirit.

The logical approach, executed in Hilbert space as a medium of communication and computation prior to the processes in Minkowski space, means that size, infinity etc do not matter. The electron, even if it has zero size embodies a Hilbert space algorithm or algorithms driven by its mass / energy which determines how it presents itself in the [observable] physical world much as my personality hidden in my mind controls how I present myself to the world.

von Neumann page 8 (cont) 'In both theories we must learn as much as possible from the Hamiltonian function about the true, ie quantum mechanical, behaviour of the system. Primarily then we must determine the possible energy levels, then find out the corresponding "stationary

[page 158]

states" and calculate the "transition probabilities" etc.' On the assumption that the entropy of the quantum system is far greater than the entropy of the classical Hamiltonian system, we may not have enough information to determine the quantum mechanical behaviour of the world [which seems to be the case given the assumption that the wave function "collapses"].

von Neumann: page 9: Matrix calculation rules:

page 10: 'It is important that only hermitian matrices be permitted, ie such matrices A = {amn} for which amn =

Anm

holds identically.

Wave mechanics rules:

page 11: Schrodinger equation: eigenvalues are discrete and continuous energy levels and eigenfunctions describe corresponding stationary states of the system. [Two systems can communicate (Zurek) when they share a stationary state: see page 14.4: Zurek: observations involve interactions in Hilbert space.

page 12: Schrodinger stationary states are time dependent but different times differ by absolute value 1 (ray) so same state.

page 13: The transformation theory: the equivalence of the two theories.

How is the logical approach going to deal with the (pseudo) infinite self energy of the electron [let us say it is kinematic, like Hilbert vacuum energy, so it is not dynamic] ?

Saturday 3 February 2024

If we look behind Minkowski space we will find a very simple Universe of [sometimes very big] hermitian operators. Does

[page 159]

Minkowski (Lorentz) transformation destroy the Hermitean property of operators (Veltmann page 20)? Martinus Veltman (1994: Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules

Minkowski space is unified by the time vector ie null geodesic which has zero ingterval so reproducing quality of the Hilbert space from which it came. I have to learn my way around Hilbert space from vN.

My ignorance, like the ignorance of god, frees me to think unthinkable things. Can kinematics create contradictions? By time division, like traffic lights,

Normalization of vectors in Hilbert space controls their statistical implication. Every junction in a Feynman diagram (calculated by the path integral(?)) can only be activated by a whole value of the quantum logical operator [so its statistics arises from the periods between operations, not from the size of the operations].

If both Feynman and hermitian operators have a countable infinity of possibilities and are normalized and normally distributed they are in effect isomorphic [so we can replace Feynman QFT with von Neumann QFT (?)].

Nicholas R Micinski & Kelsey Norman: Funding for refugees has long been politicized − punitive action against UNRWA and Palestinians fits that pattern, Al Jazeera: Upfront (2023_02_03): ‘It’s immoral’: UN special rapporteur on UNRWA funding cuts

Benediction: I wish I could put more passion into this work and make it go faster but I am going as hard as I can and stepping forward every day. The dream of peace that I made in 1987 is coming closer and the theory of peace is deepening as I see the symmetry of love swooping from the initial singularity to a planet of peace. It may take centuries,

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but I hope the necessary theory will be in place before I die. Jeffrey Nicholls (1987): A theory of Peace, Benediction (film) - Wikipedia

Ghost Riders in the Sky. "Why Catholicism, Father?". (Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend - Wikipedia

Siegfried, do you renounce Satan and all his works and all his pomps. . . . Siegfried go in peace and the Lord be with you (00:14:24).

We need enough entropy to make war unnecessary, which is the role of Cantor [and the only way to get enough entropy is for each person to govern themselves, in just the same way as every other particle, atom and molecule govern themselves as long as they live].

30:33: The love that cannot speak its name,

Wilfrid Owen Wilfred Owen - Wikipedia

Siegfried Sassoon. Siegfried Sassoon - Wikipedia

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Further reading

Books

Lonergan (1992), Bernard J F, Insight: A Study of Human Understanding (Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan : Volume 3), University of Toronto Press 1992 '. . . Bernard Lonergan's masterwork. Its aim is nothing less than insight into insight itself, an understanding of understanding' 
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Nielsen (2016), Michael A., and Isaac L Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press 2016 Review: A rigorous, comprehensive text on quantum information is timely. The study of quantum information and computation represents a particularly direct route to understanding quantum mechanics. Unlike the traditional route to quantum mechanics via Schroedinger's equation and the hydrogen atom, the study of quantum information requires no calculus, merely a knowledge of complex numbers and matrix multiplication. In addition, quantum information processing gives direct access to the traditionally advanced topics of measurement of quantum systems and decoherence.' Seth Lloyd, Department of Quantum Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Nature 6876: vol 416 page 19, 7 March 2002. 
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Streater (2000), Raymond F, and Arthur S Wightman, PCT, Spin, Statistics and All That, Princeton University Press 2000 Amazon product description: 'PCT, Spin and Statistics, and All That is the classic summary of and introduction to the achievements of Axiomatic Quantum Field Theory. This theory gives precise mathematical responses to questions like: What is a quantized field? What are the physically indispensable attributes of a quantized field? Furthermore, Axiomatic Field Theory shows that a number of physically important predictions of quantum field theory are mathematical consequences of the axioms. Here Raymond Streater and Arthur Wightman treat only results that can be rigorously proved, and these are presented in an elegant style that makes them available to a broad range of physics and theoretical mathematics.' 
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Teilhard de Chardin (1960), Pierre, Le Milieu Divin; An Essay on the Interior Life, Collins 1960 ' Jacket: As the Phenomenon of Man considered man in his natural context, its author here considers him in his supernatural context. Though as he maintained in the earlier volume, man in a phenomenon like countless others in the evolutionary series, he is not only that: he is also unique in that he can reflect upon it and thereby not only to an extent control it, but recognise it to be part of a larger, non- material process. By transcending the purely experimental, he was able to arrive at the concept of cause and direction—in other words of a purposeful creator, of God. It is in this relationship within the milieu divin that Teilhard de Chardin, priest as well as scientist, places him in the present volume, as a voluntary participant in the ultimate, spiritual design for the universe, merging the historical into the a-historical, the temporaal into the eternal as revealed by the Incarnation and the promise of the Second Coming. Le Milieu Divine is thus a complement and a completion to The Phenomenon of Man, as necessary as its predecessor for an understanding of Teilhard de Chardin's mind and thought.
"It happens so rarely that science and wisdom are blended as they were in the person of Teilhard de Chardin. It is this extraordinary combination of search and mediation which makes " Le Milieu Divin" so remarkable . There is no doubt that this book will remain one of the great spiritual testimonies of our time.' Karl Stern back

Veltman (1994), Martinus, Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, Cambridge University Press 1994 Jacket: 'This book provides an easily accessible introduction to quantum field theory via Feynman rules and calculations in particle physics. The aim is to make clear what the physical foundations of present-day field theory are, to clarify the physical content of Feynman rules, and to outline their domain of applicability. ... The book includes valuable appendices that review some essential mathematics, including complex spaces, matrices, the CBH equation, traces and dimensional regularization. . . .' 
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Links

Adrian Heathcote, Unbounded operators and the incompleteness of quantum mechanics, ' Abstract: A proof is presented that a form of incompleteness in Quantum Mechanics follows directly from the use of unbounded operators. It is then shown that the problems that arise for such operators are not connected to the non-commutativity of many pairs of operators in Quantum Mechanics and hence are an additional source of incompleteness to that which allegedly flows from the EPR paradox. Finally, it will be argued that the problem is not amenable to some simple solutions that will be considered.' back

Al Jazeera: Upfront (2023_02_03), ‘It’s immoral’: UN special rapporteur on UNRWA funding cuts, What impact will UNRWA funding cuts have on Gaza? Marc Lamont Hill speaks to UN Special Rapporteur, Francesca Albanese. back

Albert Einstein (1905), On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, An english translation of the paper that founded Special relativity. 'Examples of this sort, [in the contemporary application of Maxwell's electrodynamics to moving bodies] together with the unsuccessful attempts to discover any motion of the earth relatively to the ``light medium,'' suggest that the phenomena of electrodynamics as well as of mechanics possess no properties corresponding to the idea of absolute rest. They suggest rather that, as has already been shown to the first order of small quantities, the same laws of electrodynamics and optics will be valid for all frames of reference for which the equations of mechanics hold good.' back

Albert Einstein (1915), The Field Equations of Gravitation, 'In two recently published papers I have shown how to obtain field equations of gravitation that comply with the postulate of general relativity, i.e., which in their general formulation are covariant under arbitrary substitutions of space-time variables. . . . With this, we have finally completed the general theory of relativity as a logical structure. The postulate of relativity in its most general formulation (which makes space-time coordinates into physically meaningless parameters) leads with compelling necessity to a very specific theory of gravitation that also explains the movement of the perihelion of Mercury. However, the postulate of general relativity cannot reveal to us anything new and different about the essence of the various processes in nature than what the special theory of relativity taught us already. The opinions I recently voiced here in this regard have been in error. Every physical theory that complies with the special theory of relativity can, by means of the absolute differential calculus, be integrated into the system of general relativity theory-without the latter providing any criteria about the admissibility of such physical theory.' back

Alex Lo, Racism for all to see at US grilling of TikTok’s Singaporean chief Chew Shou Zi, ' Alex Lo SCMP Columnist My Take by Alex Lo Racism for all to see at US grilling of TikTok’s Singaporean chief Chew Shou Zi Abuse and constant references to Chinese Communist Party by senator right out of McCarthyite era and reason for world to be wary of America Listen to this article Alex Lo Alex Lo Published: 9:00pm, 2 Feb, 2024 Why you can trust SCMP By now, politicians in the US Congress are probably the only people unaware – or pretend to be – that TikTok chief executive Chew Shou Zi is from Singapore. Everyone else knows. I know. I mean, is Bill Gates American? But since the poor guy looks Asian, he must be a Chinese national, and by extension, a member of the Chinese Communist Party, which in the parallel universe of Washington, is the real puppet master behind the hugely popular social media platform. How else do you explain the disgraceful performance of Republican Senator Tom Cotton who kept asking Chew about his connections to the Chinese Communist Party, despite the tech executive repeatedly asserting that he was Singaporean at a Senate hearing this week. Even after Chew said, “Senator, I’m Singaporean. No.”, Cotton demanded to know about his passport for proof of citizenship. back

Alex Lo (2024_01_29), Is the Nato chief a Beijing stooge?, ' . . . Let’s get back to what China wants to see happen in Ukraine and Palestine. I recently interviewed John Mearsheimer, one of America’s most influential if controversial political scientists on two different occasions. He nicely summed up America’s strategic dilemma, and China’s interests. On Ukraine, he said: “This is manna from heaven for the Chinese … [for whom] the best outcome would be if the war goes on, and Russia does not lose, and the Americans remain deeply committed and frustrated in Europe so that they can’t concentrate on China …” On Palestine, he commented: “This is all wonderful news for China … First of all, it keeps the Americans pinned down in the Middle East; they are not only pinned down in Ukraine, which makes it very difficult for the US to concentrate on containing China. Furthermore, this situation is doing damage to America’s reputation around the world, and making it harder for the US to win.” China’s economy may be in trouble, but geopolitically, it’s doing fine. Mearsheimer said: “So China is in excellent shape moving forward because the US will remain deeply involved in both the Middle East and Ukraine. I think Americans should be laser-focused on East Asia and pay little attention to Europe and the Middle East. But that’s not the way things are playing out.” That’s exactly why I am starting to think Stoltenberg is a China stooge. back

Aristotle, Metaphysics book VII, iii: Matter, ' 1022a820: By matter I mean that which in itself is neither a particukar thing nor a quantity nor designated by any of the categories which define being.' back

Benediction (film) - Wikipedia, Benediction (film) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Benediction is a 2021 biographical romantic drama film written and directed by Terence Davies. It stars Jack Lowden and Peter Capaldi as the war poet Siegfried Sassoon, along with Simon Russell Beale, Jeremy Irvine, Kate Phillips, Gemma Jones, and Ben Daniels. Benediction was Davies' final film before his death in October 2023.[6] The film was released in United Kingdom on 20 May 2022 by Vertigo Releasing and United States on 3 June 2022 by Roadside Attractions.
Synopsis The film follows the life of Siegfried Sassoon, a British poet and decorated World War I combat veteran who was sent to a psychiatric facility for his anti-war stance. He had love affairs with several men during the 1920s, married, had a son, and converted to Catholicism. back

Bruce Ackerman, Opinion | Trump’s Supreme Court Justices Must Kick Him Off the Ballot , ' The Colorado Supreme Court based its decision to bar Trump from the ballot on a thoughtful and extensive review of the Reconstruction-era debates surrounding the Disqualification Clause of the 14th Amendment. The court found that Trump’s support of the Proud Boys, which played a key role in the Jan. 6 riot, represented a paradigm case of “insurrection” as it was originally understood at the time the amendment was enacted. What is more, the court’s historical assessment has gained near-universal support from leading originalist scholars and jurists. In short: originalism, pure and simple, serves as the foundation for Trump’s exclusion from the race. This reality requires the Supreme Court to confront a fundamental dilemma and poses a huge test for Justices Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett. Not only did the Trump-appointed justices proudly proclaim their adherence to “originalism” at their Senate confirmation hearings, but their commitment served as the basis for repudiating Roe v. Wade and the constitutional right to an abortion in Dobbs. After all, many Americans will ask, if “originalism” is compelling enough for the new majority to strip women of control over their bodies, why isn’t it compelling enough to strip Trump of control over the country? ' back

Chris McGreal, ‘I don’t see how it ends’: expert sounds alarm on new wave of US opioids crisis, ' When Dr Art Van Zee finally understood the scale of the disaster looming over his corner of rural Virginia, he naively imagined the drug industry would be just as alarmed. So the longest serving doctor in the struggling former mining town of St Charles set out in the early 2000s to tell pharmaceutical executives, federal regulators, Congress and anyone else who would listen that the arrival of a powerful new opioid painkiller was destroying lives and families, and laying the ground for a much bigger catastrophe. Two decades later, as Van Zee surveys the devastation caused by OxyContin and the epidemic of opioid addiction it unleashed, he is still in disbelief at the callous indifference to suffering as one opportunity after another was missed to stop what has become the worst drug epidemic in US history. But the 76-year-old doctor is also shocked that the crisis has got so much worse than even he imagined as one fresh wave of narcotics after another dragged in new generations and drove the death toll ever higher. . . . Years later, there had been other opportunities to slow the crisis before it evolved from prescription pills to illicitly-produced fentanyl and other drugs that together have claimed 800,000 American lives over the past quarter of a century with predictions of another million deaths by the end of the decade. But federal regulators and prosecutors failed to seize the moment. Perhaps most disturbing of all, Van Zee said the US is still failing to learn the lessons of a uniquely American catastrophe to break the influence of corporate money over medicine, drug regulation and political accountability.' back

Christopher Shields 1996 (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), The Active Mind of De Anima III 5 , ' After characterizing the mind (nous) and its activities in De Animaiii 4, Aristotle takes a surprising turn. In De Anima iii 5, he introduces an obscure and hotly disputed subject: the active mind or active intellect (nous poiêtikos). Controversy surrounds almost every aspect of De Anima iii 5, not least because in it Aristotle characterizes the active mind—a topic mentioned nowhere else in his entire corpus—as ‘separate and unaffected and unmixed, being in its essence actuality’ (chôristos kai apathês kai amigês, tê ousia energeia; DA iii 5, 430a17–18) and then also as ‘deathless and everlasting’ (athanaton kai aidion; DA iii 5, 430a23). This comes as no small surprise to readers of De Anima, because Aristotle had earlier in the same work treated the mind (nous) as but one faculty (dunamis) of the soul (psuchê), and he had contended that the soul as a whole is not separable from the body (DA ii 1, 413a3–5). back

Cognitive Cosmology (2024), This site introduces the divine mind: the universe that empowers us to create ourselves , ' Is the universe divine? My hope is to inspire our lives with a theology that identifies God and the Universe. If the Universe is divine, all our experiences are experiences of God. Theology can therefore become a discipline founded on evidence. Since we see just one consistent Universe, the scientific approach will lead theology toward unity as it has unified mathematics, physics and biology. The unification of theology is a step toward conscious global cooperation. Global human cooperation is a step toward respecting and caring for ourselves and Earth, our common home.' back

Compton scattering - Wikipedia, Compton scattering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Compton scattering is the inelastic scattering of a photon by a quasi-free charged particle, usually an electron. It results in a decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of the photon (which may be an X-ray or gamma ray photon), called the Compton effect. Part of the energy of the photon is transferred to the recoiling electron. Inverse Compton scattering also exists, in which a charged particle transfers part of its energy to a photon.' back

Cosmological constant problem - Wikipedia, Cosmological constant problem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In cosmology, the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is the disagreement between the observed values of vacuum energy density (the small value of the cosmological constant) and theoretical large value of zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory. Depending on the Planck energy cutoff and other factors, the discrepancy is as high as 120 orders of magnitude, a state of affairs described by physicists as "the largest discrepancy between theory and experiment in all of science" and "the worst theoretical prediction in the history of physics".' back

Density matrix - Wikipedia, Density matrix - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'A density matrix is a matrix that describes a quantum system in a mixed state, a statistical ensemble of several quantum states. This should be contrasted with a single state vector that describes a quantum system in a pure state. The density matrix is the quantum-mechanical analogue to a phase-space probability measure (probability distribution of position and momentum) in classical statistical mechanics.' back

Dirac delta function - Wikipedia, Dirac delta function - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Dirac delta or Dirac's delta is a mathematical construct introduced by theoretical physicist Paul Dirac. Informally, it is a function representing an infinitely sharp peak bounding unit area: a function f(x) that has the value zero everywhere except at x = 0 where its value is infinitely large in such a way that its total integral is 1. In the context of signal processing it is often referred to as the unit impulse function. Note that the Dirac delta is not strictly a function. While for many purposes it can be manipulated as such, formally it can be defined as a distribution that is also a measure.' back

Dynamics - Wikipedia, Dynamics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the study of forces and their effects on motion. Isaac Newton was the first to formulate the fundamental physical laws that govern dynamics in classical non-relativistic physics, especially his second law of motion. ' back

Einstein, Podolsky & Rosen (1935), Can the Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?, A PDF of the classic paper. 'In a complete theory there is an element corresponding to each element of reality. A sufficient condition for the reality of a physical quantity is the possibility of predicting it with certainty, without disturbing the system. In quantum mechanics in the case of two physical quantities described by non-commuting operators, the knowledge of one precludes the knowledge of the other. Then either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum mechanics is not complete or (2) these two quantities cannot have simultaneous reality. Consideration of the problem of making predictions concerning a system on the basis of measurements made on another system that had previously interacted with it leads to the result that if (1) is false then (2) is also false, One is thus led to conclude that the description of reality given by the wave function is not complete.' back

(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend - Wikipedia, (Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' The song tells a folk tale of a cowboy who has a vision of red-eyed, steel-hooved cattle thundering across the sky, being chased by the spirits of damned cowboys. One warns him that if he does not change his ways, he will be doomed to join them, forever "trying to catch the Devil's herd across these endless skies". The story has been linked with old European myths of the Wild Hunt and the Dutch/Flemish legend of the Buckriders, in which a supernatural group of hunters passes the narrator in wild pursuit.' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (1987), A theory of Peace, ' The argument: I began to think about peace in a very practical way during the Viet Nam war. I was the right age to be called up. I was exempted because I was a clergyman, but despite the terrors that war held for me, I think I might have gone. It was my first whiff of the force of patriotism. To my amazement, it was strong enough to make even me face death.
In the Church, I became embroiled in a deeper war. Not a war between goodies and baddies, but the war between good and evil that lies at the heart of all human consciousness. Existence is a struggle. We need all the help we can get. Religion is part of that help and theology is the scientific foundation of religion.' back

Jude Coleman (2023), ‘Weird’ dinosaur prompts rethink of bird evolution, ' The fossil of a bird-like dinosaur that lived around the same time as Archaeopteryx — considered by many palaeontologists to be the first bird — has been found in what is now southeastern China. Fujianvenator prodigiosus adds to mounting evidence that there were plenty of different birds living in the Late Jurassic period. Dinosaurs might have diversified into different kinds of bird to occupy different ecological niches, says palaeontologist Hailu You. Fujianvenator’s particularly elongated hindlimbs suggest that it was all about running or wading, instead of flying. “Early bird evolution is complicated,” says You.' back

Kenneth G Wilson (1982), Nobel Lecture: The Renormalisation Group and Critical Phenomena, Nobel Prize Lecture, 8 December 1982: This paper has three parts. The first part is a simplified presentation of the basic ideas of the renormalization group and the e expansion applied to critical phenomena, following roughly a summary exposition given in 1972. The second part is an account of the history (as I remember it) of work leading up to the papers in I971-1972 on the renormalization group. Finally, some of the developments since 1971 will be summarized, and an assessment for the future given.' back

Kinematics - Wikipedia, Kinematics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Kinematics (from Greek . . . kinein, to move) is a subfield of physics, developed in classical mechanics, that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move.' back

Klein-Nishina formula - Wikipedia, Klein-Nishina formula - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Klein–Nishina formula gives the differential cross section of photons scattered from a single free electron in lowest order of quantum electrodynamics. At low frequencies (e.g., visible light) this is referred to as Thomson scattering; at higher frequencies (e.g., x-rays and gamma-rays) this is referred to as Compton scattering.' back

Leon van Hove (1957), von Neumann's Contributions to Quantum Theory, 'Von Neumann's major contributions to quantum mechanics are his development of the mathematical framework of the theory and his formal study of quantum statistics, quantum measuring processes and their interrelations. Whereas the latter study was essentially complete in 1927 (except for the quantum ergodic theorem of 1929) the work on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics came to its culmination in 1929 with the spectral theorem for hyper- maximal symmetric operators in Hilbert space.' back

Louis de Broglie (1929), Nobel Lecture: The Wave Nature of the Electron, ' Nevertheless, it was still necessary to adopt the wave theory to account for interference and diffraction phenomena and no way whatsoever of reconciling the wave theory with the existence of light corpuscles could be visualized. The necessity of assuming for light two contradictory theories-that of waves and that of corpuscles - and the inability to understand why, among the infinity of motions which an electron ought to be able to have in the atom according to classical concepts, only certain ones were possible: such were the enigmas confronting physicists at the time I resumed my studies of theoretical physics.Now a purely corpuscular theory does not contain any element permitting the definition of frequency. This also renders it necessary in the case of light to introduce simultaneously the corpuscle concept and the concept of periodicity. On the other hand the determination of the stable motions of the electrons in the atom involves whole numbers, and so far the only phenomena in which whole numbers were involved in physics were those of interference and of eigenvibrations. That suggested the idea to me that electrons themselves could not be represented as simple corpuscles either, but that a periodicity had also to be assigned to them too. In other words the existence of corpuscles accompanied by waves has to be assumed in all cases. However, since corpuscles and waves cannot be independent because, accordingt to Bohr's expression, it must be possible to establish a certain parallelism between the mot They showed clearly that it was possible to establish a correspondence between waves and corpuscles such that the laws of mechanics correspond to the laws of geometrical optics. This prompted the thought that classical mechanics is also only an approximation relative to a vaster wave mechanics. I stated as much almost at the outset of my studies, i.e. "A new mechanics must be developed which is to classical mechanics what wave optics is to geometrical optics". This new mechanics has since been developed, thanks mainly to the fine work done by Schrödinger. I cannot attempt even briefly to sum up here the development of the new mechanics. I merely wish to say that on examination it proved to be identical with a mechanics independently developed, first by Heisenberg, then by Born, Jordan, Pauli, Dirac, etc quantum mechanics. The two mechanics, wave and quantum, are equivalent from the mathematical point of view. Since the wavelength of the electron waves is of the order of that of X-rays, it must be expected that crystals can cause diffraction of these waves completely analogous to the Laue phenomenon Thus to describe the properties of matter as well as those of light, waves and corpuscles have to be referred to at one and the same time. The electron can no longer be conceived as a single, small granule of electricity; it must be associated with a wave and this wave is no myth; its wavelength can be measured and its interferences predicted. It has thus been possible to predict a whole group of phenomena without their actually having been discovered. And it is on this concept of the duality of waves and corpuscles in Nature, expressed in a more or less abstract form, that the whole recent development of theoretical physics has been founded and that all future development of this science will apparently have to be founded' back

Lucianne Tonti, ‘My hope is it’s not going to die’: what happens when a brand offering lifetime guarantees closes?, ' Reduce, reuse, repair, recycle or return to the earth – together these five sustainability principles are the keys to building a “circular” business. Historically, fashion brands’ responsibility for their products ended once the clothing left the shop, resulting in ever-increasing mountains of textile waste. However this system is changing due to pressure from both regulators (particularly in the EU) and consumers. More fashion brands now offer customers extended care, including free or cheap repair programs and take-back schemes to ensure clothing does not end up in landfill at the end of its life. But this model of circularity requires a business to have an ongoing presence, something that can never be guaranteed in a notoriously difficult industry like fashion. So when a brand that has promised to care for garments throughout their lifetime shuts down, what happens next? Courtney Holm is contemplating this question right now. For seven years, the designer of A.BCH made clothing with circularity principles in mind, offering free repairs, alongside a take-back scheme for recycling. The brand picked up several awards, including an Australian fashion laureate, for its sustainability credentials. Then on 19 January, the Melbourne-based label announced the business would no longer make and sell new garments from March onwards. Holm says the brand is undergoing a strategic transition and will continue to exist as a consultancy and educational tool. Here, Holm explains how she intends to remain responsible for A.BCH garments after the business stops making new clothes. Her plans may well form an exit template for other circular businesses that follow. back

Megan He et al, Total organic carbon measurements reveal major gaps in petrochemical emissions reporting, ' Abstract Anthropogenic organic carbon emissions reporting has been largely limited to subsets of chemically speciated volatile organic compounds. However, new aircraft-based measurements revealed total gas-phase organic carbon emissions that exceed oil sands industry–reported values by 1900% to over 6300%, the bulk of which was due to unaccounted-for intermediate-volatility and semivolatile organic compounds. Measured facility-wide emissions represented approximately 1% of extracted petroleum, resulting in total organic carbon emissions equivalent to that from all other sources across Canada combined. These real-world observations demonstrate total organic carbon measurements as a means of detecting unknown or underreported carbon emissions regardless of chemical features. Because reporting gaps may include hazardous, reactive, or secondary air pollutants, fully constraining the impact of anthropogenic emissions necessitates routine, comprehensive total organic carbon monitoring as an inherent check on mass closure.' back

Meinard Kuhlmann (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Quantum Field Theory, ' Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is the mathematical and conceptual framework for contemporary elementary particle physics. In a rather informal sense QFT is the extension of quantum mechanics (QM), dealing with particles, over to fields, i.e. systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. (See the entry on quantum mechanics.) In the last few years QFT has become a more widely discussed topic in philosophy of science, with questions ranging from methodology and semantics to ontology. QFT taken seriously in its metaphysical implications seems to give a picture of the world which is at variance with central classical conceptions of particles and fields, and even with some features of QM.' back

Nathan Higgins (2024), Neuralink has put its first chip in a human brain. What could possibly go wrong? , ' Earlier this week, Elon Musk announced his brain-computer interface company, Neuralink, had implanted a device in a human for the first time. The company’s PRIME study, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration last year, is testing a brain implant for “people with paralysis to control external devices with their thoughts”. . . . Musk’s public profile may help Neuralink find and enrol suitable patients. However, the company will need to be prepared to provide long-term support (potentially decades) to patients. If things go wrong, patients may need support to live with the consequences; if things go right, Neuralink may need to make sure the devices don’t stop working. In 2022, a company called Second Sight Medical Product demonstrated the risks. Second Sight made retinal implants to treat blindness. When the company went bankrupt, it left more than 350 patients around the world with obsolete implants and no way to remove them. . . . In this next chapter of the Neuralink odyssey, Musk and his team must maintain a strong commitment to research integrity and patient care. Neuralink’s establishment of a patient registry to connect with patient communities is a step in the right direction. Long-term planning and careful use of language will be necessary to preventing harm to patients and families. The nightmare scenario for all neurotechnology research would be a repeat of Walter Freeman’s disastrous pre-frontal lobotomy experiments in the 1940s and 1950s. These had catastrophic consequences for patients and set research back by generations.' back

Nicholas R Micinski & Kelsey Norman, Funding for refugees has long been politicized − punitive action against UNRWA and Palestinians fits that pattern, ' At least a dozen countries, including the U.S., have suspended funding to the UNRWA, the United Nations agency responsible for delivering aid to Palestinian refugees. This follows allegations made by Israel that 12 UNRWA employees participated in the Oct. 7, 2023, Hamas attack. The UNRWA responded by dismissing all accused employees and opening an investigation. While the seriousness of the accusations is clear to all, and the U.S. has been keen to downplay the significance of its pause in funding, the action is not in keeping with precedent. Western donors did not, for example, defund other U.N. agencies or peacekeeping operations amid accusations of sexual assault, corruption or complicity in war crimes. Make better decisions - find out what the experts think. In real terms, the funding cuts to the UNRWA will affect 1.7 million Palestinian refugees in Gaza along with an additional 400,000 Palestinians without refugee status, many of whom benefit from the UNRWA’s infrastructure. Some critics have gone further and said depriving the agency of funds amounts to collective punishment against Palestinians. Refugee aid, and humanitarian aid more generally, is theoretically meant to be neutral and impartial. But as experts in migration and international relations, we know funding is often used as a foreign policy tool, whereby allies are rewarded and enemies punished. In this context, we believe the cuts in funding for the UNRWA fit a wider pattern of the politicization of aid to refugees, particularly Palestinian refugees.' back

Nicola Jones, Canada’s oil sands spew massive amounts of unmonitored polluting gases, ' Canada’s controversial oil-producing tar sands generate a substantial amount of unaccounted-for carbon-based emissions that can affect air quality, according to measurements taken by aircraft. The sands release more of these pollution-causing gases than megacities such as Los Angeles, California, and about the same as the rest of Canada’s human-generated sources combined — including emissions from motor traffic and all other industries. “No rules have been broken, or guidelines exceeded here,” says Janetta McKenzie, an oil and gas analyst for the Pembina Institute, a think tank in Calgary, Canada. “But that speaks to some issues in our rules and our guidelines. . . .. The researchers factored out greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and instead tracked only molecules important to air quality, many of which haven’t been monitored at the oil sands before. These carbon-based gases can seed particulate pollution in the air and react with other chemicals to form ground-level ozone. The results, reported in Science on 25 January1, show that these pollution-causing gases from the oil sands are 20 to 64 times what has been detailed in industry reports based on standard monitoring techniques. “I’m concerned by how big this number is,” says Nadine Borduas-Dedekind, an atmospheric chemist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver who has worked with Liggio but was not involved with this project. “You want to be measuring all this carbon. For air quality, for health, but also for climate,” she says. Some of the carbon molecules, she notes, will eventually be oxidized to CO2, and therefore also affect climate change”.' back

NP-complete - Wikipedia, NP-complete - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In complexity theory, the NP-complete problems are the most difficult problems in NP ("non-deterministic polynomial time") in the sense that they are the smallest subclass of NP that could conceivably remain outside of P, the class of deterministic polynomial-time problems. The reason is that a deterministic, polynomial-time solution to any NP-complete problem would also be a solution to every other problem in NP. The complexity class consisting of all NP-complete problems is sometimes referred to as NP-C.' back

Priscilla (film) - Wikipedia, Priscilla (film) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Priscilla is a 2023 American biographical drama film written, directed, and produced by Sofia Coppola, based on the 1985 memoir Elvis and Me by Priscilla Presley (who serves as an executive producer) and Sandra Harmon. It follows the life of Priscilla (played by Cailee Spaeny) and her complicated romantic relationship with Elvis Presley (Jacob Elordi). back

Richard P. Feynman (1965), Nobel Lecture: The Development of the Space-Time View of Quantum Electrodynamics, Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1965: We have a habit in writing articles published in scientific journals to make the work as finished as possible, to cover all the tracks, to not worry about the blind alleys or to describe how you had the wrong idea first, and so on. So there isn’t any place to publish, in a dignified manner, what you actually did in order to get to do the work, although, there has been in these days, some interest in this kind of thing. Since winning the prize is a personal thing, I thought I could be excused in this particular situation, if I were to talk personally about my relationship to quantum electrodynamics, rather than to discuss the subject itself in a refined and finished fashion. Furthermore, since there are three people who have won the prize in physics, if they are all going to be talking about quantum electrodynamics itself, one might become bored with the subject. So, what I would like to tell you about today are the sequence of events, really the sequence of ideas, which occurred, and by which I finally came out the other end with an unsolved problem for which I ultimately received a prize.' back

Rolf Landauer (1999), Information is a Physical Entity, 'Abstract: This paper, associated with a broader conference talk on the fundamental physical limits of information handling, emphasizes the aspects still least appreciated. Information is not an abstract entity but exists only through a physical representation, thus tying it to all the restrictions and possibilities of our real physical universe. The mathematician's vision of an unlimited sequence of totally reliable operations is unlikely to be implementable in this real universe. Speculative remarks about the possible impact of that on the ultimate nature of the laws of physics are included.' back

Self-adjoint operator - Wikipedia, Self-adjoint operator - Wikipedia, the free enecylopedia, ' In mathematics, a self-adjoint operator on a complex vector space V with inner product ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ . . . is a linear map A (from V to itself) that is its own adjoint: ⟨ A v , w ⟩ = ⟨ v , A w ⟩ . . . If V is finite-dimensional with a given orthonormal basis, this is equivalent to the condition that the matrix of A is Hermitian, i.e., equal to its conjugate transpose A*. By the finite-dimensional spectral theorem, V has an orthonormal basis such that the matrix of A relative to this basis is a diagonal matrix with entries in the real numbers. In this article, we consider generalizations of this concept to operators on Hilbert spaces of arbitrary dimension.' back

Siegfried Sassoon - Wikipedia, Siegfried Sassoon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Siegfried Loraine Sassoon CBE MC (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English war poet, writer, and soldier. Decorated for bravery on the Western Front,[1] he became one of the leading poets of the First World War. His poetry both described the horrors of the trenches and satirized the patriotic pretensions of those who, in Sassoon's view, were responsible for a jingoism-fuelled war.[2] Sassoon became a focal point for dissent within the armed forces when he made a lone protest against the continuation of the war with his "Soldier's Declaration" of July 1917, which resulted in his being sent to the Craiglockhart War Hospital. During this period he met and formed a friendship with Wilfred Owen, who was greatly influenced by him. back

Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics, Book 7, back

Timothy Duigan, Australia may spend hundreds of millions of dollars on quantum computing research. Are we chasing a mirage?, ' The Australian government is going all in on quantum computing. After investing more than $100 million on “quantum technology” in 2021, it is now reportedly considering spending up to $200 million on purchasing a “quantum computer” from a US company. Is this a sensible decision? You might think so, if you read reports from media, industry and government predicting that quantum computers will revolutionise many fields of science. . . . Given the scale of investment, from governments around the world and also private companies, you might think quantum computers are a sure bet to reach these amazing goals. Unfortunately, in the words of US quantum computing theorist Scott Aaronson, the reality is “much iffier”. In a recent perspective article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, French physicist Xavier Waintal warned of weaknesses in “the quantum house of cards”. Waintal notes that “a simple task such as multiplying 3 by 5 is beyond existing quantum hardware” and that a useful quantum computer might “require an improvement by a factor of one billion” on the error rate of current devices.' back

Tindall, Fishman, Stoudenmire & Sels, Efficient tensor network simulation of IBM's Eagle kicked Ising experiment (2023), ' We report an accurate and efficient classical simulation of a kicked Ising quantum system on the heavy-hexagon lattice. A simulation of this system was recently performed on a 127 qubit quantum processor using noise mitigation techniques to enhance accuracy (Nature volume 618, p.~500-505 (2023)). Here we show that, by adopting a tensor network approach that reflects the geometry of the lattice and is approximately contracted using belief propagation, we can perform a classical simulation that is significantly more accurate and precise than the results obtained from the quantum processor and many other classical methods. back

Unbounded operator - Wikipedia, Unbounded operator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In mathematics, more specifically functional analysis and operator theory, the notion of unbounded operator provides an abstract framework for dealing with differential operators, unbounded observables in quantum mechanics, and other cases. The term "unbounded operator" can be misleading, since "unbounded" should sometimes be understood as "not necessarily bounded"; "operator" should be understood as "linear operator" (as in the case of "bounded operator"); the domain of the operator is a linear subspace, not necessarily the whole space; this linear subspace is not necessarily closed; often (but not always) it is assumed to be dense; in the special case of a bounded operator, still, the domain is usually assumed to be the whole space. In contrast to bounded operators, unbounded operators on a given space do not form an algebra, nor even a linear space, because each one is defined on its own domain. The term "operator" often means "bounded linear operator", but in the context of this article it means "unbounded operator", with the reservations made above. The given space is assumed to be a Hilbert space.[clarification needed] Some generalizations to Banach spaces and more general topological vector spaces are possible. Short history The theory of unbounded operators developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s as part of developing a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics.[1] The theory's development is due to John von Neumann[2] and Marshall Stone.[3] Von Neumann introduced using graphs to analyze unbounded operators in 1932.[4] back

Weronika Strzyzynska, Three girls die after FGM rituals in Sierra Leone, ' Police in Sierra Leone are investigating the deaths of three girls who underwent female genital mutilation (FGM). Adamsay Sesay, 12; Salamatu Jalloh, 13; and Kadiatu Bangura, 17, died during initiation ceremonies in the country’s North West province last month, according to local reports. Aminata Koroma, the executive secretary of the Forum Against Harmful Practices (FAHP), an organisation working to end FGM in Sierra Leone, said the girls’ parents and those who cut them were in police custody. FGM involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, and is considered a violation of women’s and girls’ human rights. In 2012 the UN passed a resolution to ban it, but it is still practised in about 30 countries. Unicef will publish new figures on its global prevalence next month, but current estimates show at least 200 million women and girls have been subjected to FGM. back

Wilfred Owen - Wikipedia, Wilfred Owen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Wilfred Edward Salter Owen MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier. He was one of the leading poets of the First World War. His war poetry on the horrors of trenches and gas warfare was much influenced by his mentor Siegfried Sassoon and stood in contrast to the public perception of war at the time and to the confidently patriotic verse written by earlier war poets such as Rupert Brooke. Among his best-known works – most of which were published posthumously – are "Dulce et Decorum est", "Insensibility", "Anthem for Doomed Youth", "Futility", "Spring Offensive" and "Strange Meeting". Owen was killed in action on 4 November 1918, a week before the war's end, at the age of 25.' back

Xavier Waintal (2023_12_29), The Quantum House Of Cards, ' Quantum computers have been proposed to solve a number of important problems such as discovering new drugs, new catalysts for fertilizer production, breaking encryption protocols, optimizing financial portfolios, or implementing new artificial intelligence applications. Yet, to date, a simple task such as multiplying 3 by 5 is beyond existing quantum hardware. This article examines the difficulties that would need to be solved for quantum computers to live up to their promises. I discuss the whole stack of technologies that has been envisioned to build a quantum computer from the top layers (the actual algorithms and associated applications) down to the very bottom ones (the quantum hardware, its control electronics, cryogeny, etc.) while not forgetting the crucial intermediate layer of quantum error correction.' back

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